Mussig J. Industrial Application of Natural Fibres: Structure, Properties, and Technical Applications. A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.; Bremen, Germany: 2010. In Philippine mythology, one of the more famous creation accounts tells of the first man Malakás ("Strong") and the first woman Maganda ("Beautiful") each emerging from one half of a split bamboo stem on an island formed after the battle between Sky and Ocean. Fossil fuels as a source material for the chemicals required to make plastic. Because we do not consider fossil fuels to be renewable (on a human timescale), there is a case to be made for the use of ‘bioplastics’. This is where the constituent chemicals used to make plastics are extracted from crops instead of from petroleum. This is also a complex subject and deserves to be explored separately. The Song dynasty (960–1279 AD) Chinese scientist and polymath Shen Kuo (1031–1095) used the evidence of underground petrified bamboo found in the dry northern climate of Yan'an, Shanbei region, Shaanxi province to support his geological theory of gradual climate change. [99] [100] Kitchenware and other usage [ edit ] Bamboo cooking utensils

In Sambalpur, India, the tender shoots are grated into juliennes and fermented to prepare kardi. The name is derived from the Sanskrit word for bamboo shoot, karira. This fermented bamboo shoot is used in various culinary preparations, notably amil, a sour vegetable soup. It is also made into pancakes using rice flour as a binding agent. [74] The shoots that have turned a little fibrous are fermented, dried, and ground to sand-sized particles to prepare a garnish known as hendua. It is also cooked with tender pumpkin leaves to make sag green leaves. Andriarimalala, José Herilalao; Kpomasse, Claude Cocou; Salgado, Paulo; Ralisoa, Noroseheno; Durai, Jayraman (2019). "Nutritional potential of bamboo leaves for feeding dairy cattle". Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical. Special Supplement: Bamboo. doi: 10.1590/1983-40632019v4954370. S2CID 91400323. Further information: Bamboo construction Bamboo-style barred window in Lin An Tai Historical House, Taipei

References

Kaminski, S.; Lawrence, A.; Trujillo, D.; Feltham, I.; Felipe López, L. (2016). "Structural use of bamboo. Part 3: Design values". The Structural Engineer. 94 (12): 42–45. Industrial composting facilities may not be available or accessible for many consumers. Infrastructure that streamlines the disposal process of domestic waste for industrial composting, is uncommon, at the time of writing.

Khao lam ( Thai: ข้าวหลาม) is glutinous rice with sugar and coconut cream cooked in specially prepared bamboo sections of different diameters and lengths Sharpened bamboo javelins weighted with sand known as bagakay were used as disposable missile weapons in both land and naval warfare in the Philippines. They were thrown in groups at a time at enemy ships or massed enemy formations. Non-disposable finely-crafted throwing spears made from bamboo weighted with sand known as sugob were also used. Sugob were mainly used for close-quarters combat and were only thrown when they could be retrieved. [93] [94] The empty hollow in the stalks of larger bamboo is often used to cook food in many Asian cultures. Soups are boiled and rice is cooked in the hollows of fresh stalks of bamboo directly over a flame. Similarly, steamed tea is sometimes rammed into bamboo hollows to produce compressed forms of pu'er tea. Cooking food in bamboo is said to give the food a subtle but distinctive taste. Di Francia, C.; Ward, T.; Claus, R. The single-fibre pull-out test. Review and interpretation. Compos. Part A 1996, 27, 597–612. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Su Z, Li Q, Liu Y, Hu G-H, Wu C (2009) Compatibility and phase structure of binary blends of poly(lactic acid) and glycidyl methacrylate grafted poly(ethylene octane). Eur Polym J 45:2428–2433The Bozo ethnic group of West Africa take their name from the Bambara phrase bo-so, which means "bamboo house".

New Report Reveals the Benefits of Bamboo for Land Restoration". International Bamboo and Rattan Organisation. Hiziroglu, S.; Jarusombuti, S.; Bauchongkol, P.; Fueangvivat, V. Overlaying properties of fiberboard manufactured from bamboo and rice straw. Ind. Crop Prod. 2008, 28, 107–111. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Kitsteiner, John (13 January 2014). "Permaculture Plants: Bamboo". tcpermaculture.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017. Bamboo fiber has been used to make paper in China since early times. A high-quality, handmade bamboo paper is still produced in small quantities. Coarse bamboo paper is still used to make spirit money in many Chinese communities. [81]Air resource management: what we have been doing--. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 1996. doi: 10.5962/bhl.title.114955. Bamboo 's natural hollow form makes it an obvious choice for many musical instruments. In South and South East Asia, traditional uses of bamboo the instrument include various types of woodwind instruments, such as flutes, and devices like xylophones and organs, which require resonating sections. In some traditional instruments bamboo is the primary material, while others combine bamboo with other materials such as wood and leather. Indicator of climate change [ edit ]

a b Masisi, Bhoke; Zabel, Astrid; Blaser, Jürgen; Augustino, Suzana (1 December 2022). "Fighting climate change with bamboo in Africa: The case of Kyela, Rungwe and Mufindi districts – Tanzania". Advances in Bamboo Science. 1: 100009. doi: 10.1016/j.bamboo.2022.100009. ISSN 2773-1391. S2CID 253535691. Tokoro, R.; Vu, D.; Okubo, K.; Tanaka, T.; Fujii, T.; Fujiura, T. How to improve mechanical properties of polylactic acid with bamboo fibers. J. Mater. Sci. 2008, 43, 775–787. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]

Author Contributions

Graupner, N.; Rößler, J.; Ziegmann, G.; Müssig, J. Fibre/matrix adhesion of cellulose fibres in PLA, PP and MAPP: A critical review of pull-out test, microbond test and single fibre fragmentation test results. Compos. Part A 2014, 63, 133–148. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Some epoxy resins / plastics are considered biodegradable i.e. can be broken down by natural processes and consumed by micro organisms, under the right conditions.