Alchon SA (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-2871-7. Arrizabalaga J (2010). "Plague and epidemics". In Bjork RE (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 February 2022.

Byrne JP (2008). Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: N–Z. ABC-CLIO. p.519. ISBN 978-0-313-34103-8. Father abandoned child, wife husband, one brother another; for this illness seemed to strike through the breath and sight. And so they died. And none could be found to bury the dead for money or friendship. Members of a household brought their dead to a ditch as best they could, without priest, without divine offices ... great pits were dug and piled deep with the multitude of dead. And they died by the hundreds both day and night ... And as soon as those ditches were filled more were dug ... And I, Agnolo di Tura ... buried my five children with my own hands. And there were also those who were so sparsely covered with earth that the dogs dragged them forth and devoured many bodies throughout the city. There was no one who wept for any death, for all awaited death. And so many died that all believed it was the end of the world. [135] Economic Hays JN (2005). Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-658-2. Research from 2017 suggests plague first infected humans in Europe and Asia in the Late Neolithic- Early Bronze Age. [33] Research in 2018 found evidence of Yersinia pestis in an ancient Swedish tomb, which may have been associated with the " Neolithic decline" around 3000 BCE, in which European populations fell significantly. [34] [35] This Y. pestis may have been different from more modern types, with bubonic plague transmissible by fleas first known from Bronze Age remains near Samara. [36]

How did Cilla Black die?

The plague never really ended and it returned with a vengeance years later. But officials in the port city of Ragusa were able to slow its spread by keeping arriving sailors in isolation until it was clear they were not carrying the disease—creating social distancing that relied on isolation to slow the spread of the disease. According to medieval historian Philip Daileader, it is likely that over four years, 45–50% of the European population died of plague; [125] [g] Norwegian historian Ole Benedictow suggests it may have been as high as 60%. [126] [h] Aberth J (2010) [2000]. From the Brink of the Apocalypse: Confronting Famine, War, Plague and Death in the Later Middle Ages (seconded.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1134724802. Using remains from 145 people found in three UK cemeteries, which had been designated for plague victims, the researchers examined the victims' bones and teeth to make sense of the racial makeup of the deceased.

Roosen J, Curtis DR (2018). "Dangers of Noncritical Use of Historical Plague Data". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 24 (1): 103–10. doi: 10.3201/eid2401.170477. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. One irate Londoner complained that the runoff from the local slaughterhouse had made his garden "stinking and putrid", while another charged that the blood from slain animals flooded nearby streets and lanes, "making a foul corruption and abominable sight to all dwelling near." In much of medieval Europe, sanitation legislation consisted of an ordinance requiring homeowners to shout, "Look out below!" three times before dumping a full chamber pot into the street. [72] Maps and Statistics: Plague in the United States". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 25 November 2019. Archived from the original on 8 April 2020 . Retrieved 8 April 2020. The plague repeatedly returned to haunt Europe and the Mediterranean throughout the 14th to 17th centuries. [158] According to Jean-Noël Biraben, the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671 (although some researchers have cautions about the uncritical use of Biraben's data). [159] [160] The second pandemic was particularly widespread in the following years: 1360–1363; 1374; 1400; 1438–1439; 1456–1457; 1464–1466; 1481–1485; 1500–1503; 1518–1531; 1544–1548; 1563–1566; 1573–1588; 1596–1599; 1602–1611; 1623–1640; 1644–1654; and 1664–1667. Subsequent outbreaks, though severe, marked the plague's retreat from most of Europe (18thcentury) and northern Africa (19thcentury). [161]Wheelis M (September 2002). "Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (9): 971–975. doi: 10.3201/eid0809.010536. PMC 2732530. PMID 12194776. Although previous research has noted the multiracial character of British society in medieval times, the period is often falsely considered to have been purely white, they said, referring to a "white nostalgia."

Now we would get a chance to see [Hitler] with our own eyes…There I was, a kinky-haired, brown-skinned eight-year-old boy amid a sea of blond and blue-eyed kids, filled with childlike patriotism, still shielded by blissful ignorance. Like everyone around me, I cheered the man whose every waking hour was dedicated to the destruction of ‘inferior non-Aryan people’ like myself.” Walløe L (2008). "Medieval and modern bubonic plague: some clinical continuities". Medical History. Supplement. 27 (27): 59–73. doi: 10.1017/S0025727300072094. PMC 2632865. PMID 18575082. Bennett JM, Hollister CW (2006). Medieval Europe: A Short History. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0072955156. Historian George Sussman argued that the plague had not occurred in East Africa until the 1900s. [82] However, other sources suggest that the Second pandemic did indeed reach Sub-Saharan Africa. [107]

We must remember that the plague years were not just 1348-1353 and 1665-1666, but there were deaths during the intervening years between,” he said. “It will be interesting to see how these deaths fit within a wider context.”