The Kamasutra lists Gandhayukti ("Perfume blending") as one of 64 arts to be learned by a person. Chapter titled "Nagarakavrtti" (‘The Avocation of the Nagaraka’) also describes dinacharya ("daily-routine") of bathing, cosmetics and use of perfumery and incense for various needs. [23] Other Kama-related texts like Nagarasarvasva ("the Complete Man-About-Town") by Padmasri also describes Gandhaykuti in vastly more detailed manner. In erotic texts and in the surviving complex perfumery texts, perfumery and making perfumes is seen as sensuous and erudite pleasure, almost a high-class game with poetic riddles and puns. Perfumes were seen as indispensable to the goal of pleasure (kama), and the informated consumption of them was a vital part of what it meant to be a cultivated person. [24] Padmasri mentions unknown perfumery text by the author named Lokesvara, it is one of several lost perfumery texts. [25] The Lokopakara ("for the benefit of the people") text has a chapter dedicated to incense recipes for various needs, below are few examples; [20] When burning powder incense, it is important to use charcoal that is specifically made for this purpose. There are a few things to keep in mind when using charcoal to burn your powder incense. Stoddart, D. Michael (1990). The scented ape: The biology and culture of human odour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.171. ISBN 978-0-521-37511-5. Lin JM, Wang LH (September 1994). "Gaseous aliphatic aldehydes in Chinese incense smoke" (PDF). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 53 (3): 374–381. doi: 10.1007/bf00197229. PMID 7919714. S2CID 33588092.

McHugh, James (29 November 2012). Sandalwood and Carrion: Smell in Indian Religion and Culture. OUP USA. p.68. ISBN 9780199916320 . Retrieved 29 November 2012. The author 周嘉胄 (Zhou Wei-Zhou, "cho wei-cho") - a renowned intellectual of the time - spent over 20 years researching and compiling the book. History of Incense is a comprehensive guide of everything related to incense, including details of many incense ingredients, their uses, recipes and blends, and importantly many Chinese historical anecdotes and stories related to incense. It includes ancient incense recipes from palaces, temples, and various incense houses. Now, simply wait for the powder to catch fire. You may need to gently blow on it to help get things started. Making Incense". YouTube. 2006-12-18. Archived from the original on 2021-11-07 . Retrieved 2016-07-20.NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers (22 Feb 2016). Entrepreneur's Start-Up Handbook: Manufacturing of Profitable Household (FMCG) Products with Process & Formulations. ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc. p.184. ISBN 9788178331645. Kwon, Young-Suk; Lee, Kyung-Hee (2006). "A Review on Ancient Literatures of Anti-insect Incense". The Research Journal of the Costume Culture. 14 (5): 802–812. ISSN 1226-0401. Gently place the incense mold on the ash bed: don't press this too hard or it will sink into the ash

McHugh, James (29 November 2012). Sandalwood and Carrion: Smell in Indian Religion and Culture. OUP USA. p.107. ISBN 9780199916320 . Retrieved 29 November 2012. Malcolm Harper (2010). Inclusive Value Chains: A Pathway Out of Poverty. World Scientific. p.247. ISBN 9789814295000 . Retrieved 4 August 2013.

how to burn powder incense without charcoal ?

If you've ever used a Powder Incense Burner Brass Kit, you may have noticed a white powdery substance in the burner. If you are interested in trying incense powder, there are a few things you should know before you get started. Herrera, Matthew D. Holy Smoke: The Use of Incense in the Catholic Church. San Luis Obispo: Tixlini Scriptorium, 2011. www.SmellsBells.com Bedini, Silvio A. (1963). "The Scent of Time. A Study of the Use of Fire and Incense for Time Measurement in Oriental Countries". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 53 (5): 1–51. doi: 10.2307/1005923. hdl: 2027/mdp.39076006361401. JSTOR 1005923. A chapter in ancient Bṛhat Saṃhitā is dedicated to Gandhayukti ("Perfume blending"), here Varahamihira provides several perfume formulas, one of them known as Gandharnaava ("Ocean of perfumes") is a unique perfume formula, in which from a given number of ingredients placed in a grid, numerous combinations can be made, leading in some cases to a vast number of potential perfumes. He provides a complex algorithm for calculating how many perfumes one can make from a given number of ingredients, in one case up to 43,680 perfumes can be made. [18] [19]