This workbook isn’t a substitute for a textbook, and it is certainly not meant to replace going to an actual anatomy and physiology class. Every person has his or her own sense of style, and woe betide anyone who tries to shoehorn the masses into a single style. The same, of course, is true of students. To get the most out of your study time, you need to figure out what your learning style is and alter your study habits to accommodate it. Suitable for different grades of medical school students, pharmacy, physiotherapy, and nursing or preparing for medical schools students. It is also used as a revision source for doctors in postgraduates. Ultrasound imaging technology uses the echoes of sound waves sent into the body to generate a signal that a computer turns into a real-time image of anatomy and physiology. Ultrasound can also produce audible sounds, so the anatomist or physiologist can, for example, watch the pulsations of an artery while hearing the sound of the blood flowing through it. Although all these technologies are considered noninvasive, ultrasound is the least invasive of all, and so is used more freely, especially in sensitive situations like pregnancy. Studying anatomy and physiology involves remembering lists of terms, functions, and processes. You can take just the first letter or two of each word from a list to create an acronym. Occasionally, you can go one step beyond the acronym to a clever little thing called a mnemonic device.

Find your own words. Create your own analogies. Tell your own tale of what happens to the bolus as it ventures into the digestive tract. Detail the course followed by a molecule of oxygen as it enters through the nose. Draw pictures of the differences between meiosis and mitosis. The following list of common anatomical descriptive terms that appear throughout this and every other anatomy book may come in handy: PartI introduces the basics of human anatomy and physiology: the fundamental concepts of organismal biology and cell biology, some elementary terminology, and some hints about the scope and utility of anatomical and physiological knowledge. Unlike with other sciences, you don’t always have to go to a lab to perform experiments. You may have one, or even a pair, of anatomical structures close by to investigate. You discover some of the body functions that have been happening right under your nose — and in some cases right inside your nose — all your life. Chapter 1 Anatomy and Physiology: The Big Picture In This Chapter If you’re talking anatomy and physiology, you’re talking about the human body and its organs. The 11 systems in the following table provide the means for every human activity — from breathing to eating to moving to reproducing: System Scientifically speaking, human biology isn’t more or less complex, specialized, or cosmically significant than the biology of any other species, and all are interdependent. Every species of animal, plant, and fungus on the planet has both anatomy and physiology. So does each species of protist (one-celled creatures, like amoebae and the plasmodia that cause malaria). At the cellular level (see Chapter 3), all these groups are astoundingly similar. At the levels of tissues, organs, and organ systems (the provenance of anatomy and physiology), plants are very different from animals, and both plants and animals are equally dissimilar to fungi.Human anatomy and physiology are closely related to biology, which is the science of living beings and their relationship with the rest of the universe, including all other living beings. If you’ve studied biology, you understand the basics of how organisms operate.

Not that human anatomy and physiology aren’t specie-al. Humans’ bipedal posture and style of locomotion are very specie-al. There’s nothing like a human hand anywhere but at the end of a human arm. Most specie-al of all, possibly, is the anatomy and physiology that allows (or maybe compels) humans to engage in science: humankind’s highly developed brain and nervous system. It’s entirely within the norms of evolutionary theory that people would be most interested in their own specie-alties, so more humans find human anatomy and physiology more interesting than the anatomy and physiology of the alga. From here on, we’re restricting our discussion to the anatomy and physiology of our own species. How anatomy and physiology fit into science Following are ten key things you can start doing today to ensure success not only in anatomy and physiology but in any number of other classes. Write down important stuff in your own words Abdominal cavity: Contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestines, and most of the large intestine

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva in females; testes, seminal vesicles, penis, urethra, prostate, and bulbourethral glands in males Biologists take for granted that human anatomy and physiology evolved from the anatomy and physiology of ancient forms. These scientists base their work on the assumption that every structure and process, no matter how tiny in scope, must somehow contribute to the survival of the individual. So each process — and the structures within which the chemistry and physics of the process actually happen — must help keep the individual alive and meeting the relentless challenges of a continually changing environment. Evolution favors processes that work. Why does science have so many funny words? Why can’t scientists just say what they mean, in plain English? Good question, with short and long answers. Creating better communication HONC your horn for the four organic elements. These four elements make up 96 percent of all living material.