Pelvic Symphysis: A fibrous joint midline on which the two halves of the os coxae are fused ventrally pointing tuber used for the attachment of the prepubic tendon. Cranial tibial: originates on tibia and inserts on the plantar surfaces of metatarsals 1 and 2. It acts to flex the tarsus and rotates the paw laterally. It is innervated by the peroneal nerve. The four oval shaped pads are known as digit pads, whereas the large pad in the middle is known as either the metacarpal or metatarsal pad, depending on whether it’s their front or rear leg.

But, the dog’s sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae possess some specific osteological features that make them an exception from the other cervical bones. If you want to learn the details anatomical facts of the cervical vertebrae of the dog skeleton, you may read the previous article from the anatomy learner. Dog thoracic vertebrae Pronator quadratus: originates on surfaces of the radius and ulna. It acts to pronate the paw. It is innervated by the median nerve. I think you already know the main structures that find in the proximal extremity of the dog femur bone. Here, I would like to enlist the structures from the proximal extremity of the dog femur that you should practically identify. Internal obturator: originates on the pelvic symphysis and inserts on the trochanteric fossa of the femur. It acts to rotate the pelvic limb laterally. It is innervated by the sciatic nerve. Nießner, Christine; Denzau, Susanne; Malkemper, Erich Pascal; Gross, Julia Christina; Burda, Hynek; Winklhofer, Michael; Peichl, Leo (2016). "Cryptochrome 1 in Retinal Cone Photoreceptors Suggests a Novel Functional Role in Mammals". Scientific Reports. 6: 21848. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...621848N. doi: 10.1038/srep21848. PMC 4761878. PMID 26898837.Middle gluteal: originates on the ilium and inserts on the greater trochanter. It acts to abduct the hip and rotate the pelvic limb medially. It is innervated by the cranial gluteal nerve. A lurcher will have more fast twitch (anaerobic) fibers in their legs than the Alaskan Malamute who has more slow twitch (aerobic) fibers. There is a facet (for sesamoid bone) present at the postero-lateral aspect of the distal end of each femur of the dog

Again, the spine of the dog scapula forms the supraspinous and infraspinous fossa at the lateral surface. The supraspinous fossa is the widest in the middle of a dog. In addition, the infraspinous fossa of the dog scapula is triangular in shape and well defined. Spine: A bony ridge that divides the lateral surface of this bone into the supraspinous and infraspinous fossae. As in humans, their testes produce sperm and testosterone. Their prostate produces fluid that helps transport and support sperm. Some of its secretions also have antibacterial properties. What About The Females?

The proximal extremity of the dog ulna includes the olecranon process. It articulates with the humerus and radius bone of the dog. Sutter NB, Bustamante CD, Chase K, etal. (April 2007). "A single IGF1 allele is a major determinant of small size in dogs". Science. 316 (5821): 112–5. Bibcode: 2007Sci...316..112S. doi: 10.1126/science.1137045. PMC 2789551. PMID 17412960. Many large breeds can suffer with elbow dysplasia; where there is abnormal development in the joint. The most common symptom is lameness. Lesions within the elbow joint often start in puppy hood which is why it’s so important to be mindful of over-exercise! Dog Hind Leg Anatomy Latissimus dorsi: originates on thoracolumbar fascia and inserts on the teres major tuberosity of the humerus. Its function is to flex the shoulder joint. It is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve. The eyes of different breeds of dogs have different shapes, dimensions, and retina configurations. [33] Many long-nosed breeds have a "visual streak"—a wide foveal region that runs across the width of the retina and gives them a very wide field of excellent vision. Some long-muzzled breeds, in particular, the sighthounds, have a field of vision up to 270° (compared to 180° for humans). Short-nosed breeds, on the other hand, have an "area centralis": a central patch with up to three times the density of nerve endings as the visual streak, giving them detailed sight much more like a human's. Some broad-headed breeds with short noses have a field of vision similar to that of humans. [25] [26] Dog retina showing optic disc and vasculature [epiCam]

You will find seven cervicals, thirteen thoracic, seven lumbar, three sacral, and eighteen to twenty-five caudal vertebrae in the vertebral dog column Now, I will show you all the bones from a dog’s different pelvic limb segments with their specific osteological features. Hip bone anatomy from the dog skeleton Another part of the dog’s head which can come in all shapes and sizes are their ears. Some are floppy, some are tall and pointy and some are just mud and water magnets… Spaniel owners will be nodding in agreement!Intercondylar Fossa: A fossa between the condyles used for the attachments of the cruciate ligaments. Again, the medial condyle of the dog humerus articulates with a facet on the semilunar the notch of the dog ulna. Christiansen, Per; Wroe, Stephen (2007). "Bite Forces and Evolutionary Adaptations to Feeding Ecology in Carnivores". Ecology. 88 (2): 347–358. doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[347:bfaeat]2.0.co;2. PMID 17479753. The tail isn’t just something which wags to show you they’re happy – it serves a much bigger function. Rhomboideus: originates on the nuchal crest of the occipital bone and inserts on the scapula. Its function is to elevate the forelimb. It is innervated by the ventral branches of the spinal nerves.