a b c d Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017. Special focus on inequalities. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (Report). New York. 2019. Adaptation efforts in the WASH sector include for example protection of local water resources (as these resources become source water for drinking water supply) and investigating improvements to the water supply and storage strategy. It might also be necessary to adjust the utility's planning and operation. [109] :41 Climate change adaptation policies need to consider the risks from extreme weather events. [131] The required adaptation measures need to consider measures for droughts and those for floods. [131] :61 Adaptation measures for droughts include for example: reduce leakages in a pro-active manner, communicate restrictions on water use to consumers. Adaptation measures for floods include for example: Review the siting of the water and wastewater treatment plants in floodplains, minimize the impact of floodwater on operational equipment. [131] :61 Wash down the cutting board with hot water and plenty of soap to kill the bacteria. Since the water restrictions have gone into effect we will no longer be able to wash down the sidewalks on a daily basis.

Stantec Whitepaper: Introduction to Coronavirus and Considerations for Water and Wastewater Treatment In recent years, the Government of Nigeria has strengthened its commitment towards improving access to WASH services, with President Muhammadu Buhari declaring a State of Emergency in 2018 and launching the National Action Plan (NAP), a 13-year strategy for the Revitalization of Nigeria’s Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Sector aimed at ensuring universal access to sustainable and safely managed WASH services by 2030, commensurate with the Sustainable Development Goals. WHO provides reliable and credible WASH data to inform policies and programmes including on WASH risk factors and burden of disease, the status of key output indicators for WASH, progress towards relevant WASH-related SDG targets, the enabling environment for WASH including WASH finance, and wastewater and SDG 6 interlinkages. Drinking water can be sourced from the following water sources: surface water, groundwater or rainwater, in each case after collection, treatment and distribution. Desalinated seawater is another potential source for drinking water. To support lagging states and districts, UNICEF works in 16 states and 192 districts, technically supports the Government, assists in alternative service delivery approaches, and mobilizes public institutions and partners, including the private sector, around WASH services.This report also describes the global and national responses to the 2019 World Health Assembly resolution on WASH in health care facilities. More than 70% of countries have conducted related situation analyses, 86% have updated and are implementing standards and 60% are working to incrementally improve infrastructure and operation and maintenance of WASH services. Case studies from 30 countries demonstrate that progress is being propelled by strong national leadership and coordination, use of data to direct resources and action, and the mutual benefits of empowering health workers and communities to develop solutions together. Scope 3 includes "indirect emissions related to the activity but caused by other organizations". The indirect emissions under Scope 3 are difficult to assess in a standardized way. They include for example emissions from constructing infrastructure, from the manufacture of chemicals that are needed in the treatment process and from the management of the by-product sewage sludge. [109] :12 Reducing greenhouse gas emissions [ edit ] UN-Water - an interagency mechanism which "coordinates the efforts of UN entities and international organizations working on water and sanitation issues". [158] The United Nation's International Year of Sanitation in 2008 helped to increase attention for funding of sanitation in WASH programs of many donors. For example, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has increased their funding for sanitation projects since 2009, with a strong focus on reuse of excreta. [159] UN-Water carries out the Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) initiative. This work examines the "extent to which countries develop and implement national policies and plans for WASH, conduct regular monitoring, regulate and take corrective action as needed, and coordinate these parallel processes with sufficient financial resources and support from strong national institutions." [137]

UNICEF supports the Government of India’s flagship programmes, including the Swachh Bharat Mission, the Jal Jeevan Mission and WASH in Schools (including preschools called ‘anganwadis’). WASH FIT is a risk-based, continuous improvement framework with a set of tools for undertaking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) improvements as part of wider quality improvements in health care facilities. It is aimed at small primary, and in some instances secondary, health care facilities in low and middle income countries. WASH FIT is an adaptation of the water safety plan (WSP) approach, which is recommended in the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality as the most effective way of ensuring continuous provision of safe drinking-water. It is aimed at small primary, and in some instances secondary, health care facilities in low and middle income countries Ritchie H, Roser M (2018), "Water Access, Resources & Sanitation", OurWorldInData.org , retrieved 22 March 2018

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Under-fives living in countries experiencing protracted conflict are 20 times more likely to die from causes linked to unsafe water and sanitation than from direct violence. ( UNICEF, 2019) Following phases I and II, MCSP designed and implemented a pilot activity to improve WASH and infection prevention within MCSP-supported HCFs. A final report on the full three-phase activity can be found here. Clean Clinic monitoring and certification scorecards for HCFs, labor & delivery wards, and postnatal care wards can be found here, along with special considerations for special newborn care wards. Hygiene and infection prevention promotional products are also available. Improving access to WASH services can improve health, life expectancy, student learning, gender equality, and other important issues of international development. [29] It can also assist with poverty reduction and socio-economic development. [4] Health aspects [ edit ] Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). [30] The "F-diagram" ( feces, fingers, flies, fields, fluids, food), showing pathways of fecal–oral disease transmission. The vertical blue lines show barriers: toilets, safe water, hygiene and handwashing. Categories of health impacts [ edit ]

This year, the World Bank Group will continue its support to the Government of Nigeria through the Nigeria Sustainable Urban And Rural Water Supply, Sanitation And Hygiene (SURWASH) Program withactivities designed to enact necessary policy reforms and enhance the capacity of institutions required for effective and sustainable service delivery. In the context of SDG 6, hygiene is included in the indicator for Target 6.2: "Proportion of population using [...] (b) a hand-washing facility with soap and water" [10]

WASH in schools, sometimes called SWASH or WinS, significantly reduces hygiene-related disease, increases student attendance and contributes to dignity and gender equality. [60] WASH in schools contributes to healthy, safe and secure school environments. It can also lead to children becoming agents of change for improving water, sanitation and hygiene practices in their families and communities. [60] Support to water supply and sanitation (WSS) service providers to prepare emergency plans and ensure continuity of service delivery through inter alia: provision of water treatment chemicals and spare parts, availability of fuel for pumps and treatment, maintaining staffing levels, providing protective equipment for utility staff and salary supplements to compensate for the additional work-loads. Safe water supply, sanitation and hygiene services and medical waste management in health care facilities

Methods to improve the situation of WASH infrastructure at schools include on a policy level: broadening the focus of the education sector, establishing a systematic quality assurance system, distributing and using funds wisely. [63] Other practical recommendations include: have a clear and systematic mobilization strategy, support the education sector to strengthen intersectoral partnerships, establish a constant monitoring system which is located within the education sector, educate the educators and partner with the school management. [63] Engineers and planners need to adapt design standards for water and sanitation systems to account for the changing climate conditions. Otherwise these infrastructure systems will be more and more vulnerable in future. The same applies for other key infrastructure systems such as transport, energy and communications. [133] :13 Improving climate resilience [ edit ]Diarrhea is primarily transmitted through fecal–oral routes. In 2011, infectious diarrhea resulted in about 0.7 million deaths in children under five years old and 250 million lost school days. [33] [37] This equates to about 2000 child deaths per day. [38] Children suffering from diarrhea are more vulnerable to become underweight (due to stunted growth). [39] [40] This makes them more vulnerable to other diseases such as acute respiratory infections and malaria. Chronic diarrhea can have a negative effect on child development (both physical and cognitive). [4] WASH in HCF improvement programs have registered promising initial successes, but several sustainability challenges remain: Global climate change can increase the health risks for some of the infectious diseases mentioned above, see below in the section on negative impacts of climate change. [32] In non-household settings [ edit ]