Orientation refers to the presence of a compass rose or simply an arrow indicating directions on the map. If only an arrow is used, the arrow usually points north. The Appalachian Mountains: Moving westward, one encounters the Appalachian Mountains, a system of ranges extending from the Canadian province of Quebec to northern Alabama. These mountains, which include notable peaks such as Mount Mitchell, were among the first regions settled by Europeans in the colonial period. Meadows, Peter; meadows. "Solar Observing: Parallactic Angle". Archived from the original on 7 February 2009 . Retrieved 15 November 2013. The probably best known dependent territories are Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Puerto Rico, Guam, French Polynesia, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, Réunion, New Caledonia, Aruba, Curaçao, Bermuda, the Falkland Islands, and Gibraltar.

The western portion of the Eurasian continent is known as Europe. There are 44 sovereign countries, not included are countries that only have a small territory in Europe like Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, and Turkey. 43 European countries are members of the United Nations ( Vatican City is not. The Holy See, which represents the Vatican City State in international relations, has permanent observer status at the UN). 27 countries are members of the European Union. 747 million people live in Europe. Transferring information from the spherical, or ball-shaped, surface of Earth onto a flat piece of paper is called projection. A globe, a spherical model of Earth, accurately represents the shapes and locations of the continents. But if a globe were cut in half and each half were flattened out into a map, the result would be wrinkled and torn. The size, shape, and relative location of land masses would change. Systems with five cardinal points (four directions and the center) include those from pre-modern China, as well as traditional Turkic, Tibetan and Ainu cultures. In Chinese tradition, the five cardinal point system is related to I Ching, the Wu Xing and the five naked-eye planets. In traditional Chinese astrology, the zodiacal belt is divided into the four constellation groups corresponding to the directions. A solar compass uses the sun as a navigational tool. The most common method is to use a compass card and the angle of the shadow of the sun to indicate direction.

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East: Green ( 青 "qīng" corresponds to both green and blue); Spring; Wood Qingdao (Tsingtao): "Green Island", a city on the east coast of China Green Ukraine All maps are scale models of reality. A map’s scale indicates the relationship between the distances on the map and the actual distances on Earth. This relationship can be expressed by a graphic scale, a verbal scale, or a representative fraction. The Pacific Coast Range: Finally, on the western edge of the continent, lies the Pacific Coast Range. This includes the coastal mountains along the Pacific Ocean, from Alaska all the way to California. This range also encompasses several active volcanoes and the renowned California coastal areas.

Ten Hindu deities, known as the " Dikpālas", have been recognized in classical Indian scriptures, symbolizing the four cardinal and four intercardinal directions with the additional directions of up and down. Each of the ten directions has its own name in Sanskrit. [22] Indigenous Australia [ edit ] In many regions of the world, prevalent winds change direction seasonally, and consequently many cultures associate specific named winds with cardinal and intercardinal directions. For example, classical Greek culture characterized these winds as Anemoi. Magnetic deviation – explanation of the slight misalignment of a compass with the Earth's north and south poles A map’s index helps viewers find a specific spot on the map using the grid. A map’s legend explains what the symbols on a map mean. The verbal scale is a sentence that relates distance on the map to distance on Earth. For example, a verbal scale might say, “one centimeter represents one kilometer” or “one inch represents eight miles.”Oceania, one continental-sized territory (Australia), three major archipelagos (Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia), 14 sovereign countries, 10,000 islands, 42.6 million people. Together with Australia, Oceania forms the Australia/Oceania Region. In astronomy, the cardinal points of an astronomical body as seen in the sky are four points defined by the directions toward which the celestial poles lie relative to the center of the disk of the object in the sky. [3] [4] Turn the map and compass until the needle on the compass aligns with the north-south grid lines on the map. The red end of the needle must be pointing to the top of the map. In North America (which includes Central America and the Caribbean), there are 23 sovereign countries, eight inhabited dependent territories, and about a dozen or so other territories, remnants from the colonial period, nicely named overseas departments, overseas collectivities, and constituent countries. And there is Greenland, the largest island in the world is a dependency of the Kingdom of Denmark.

This is the second lesson in the Map Skills Unit of Work. Students investigate the points of the compass and how to read directions on a map. A group of contour line circles inside one another indicates a change in elevation. As elevation increases, these contour line circles indicate a hill. As elevation decreases, contour line circles indicate a depression in the earth, such as a basin. The ordinal directions (also called the intercardinal directions) are northeast (NE), southeast (SE), southwest (SW), and northwest (NW). The intermediate direction of every set of intercardinal and cardinal direction is called a secondary intercardinal direction. These eight shortest points in the compass rose shown to the right are:Surveying can be done on foot. Surveyors use many instruments to measure the features, or topography, of the land. A compass, measuring device, and theodolites are often used by surveyors doing field work. A theodolite is an instrument that measures angles. A surveyor may calculate the angle of hills, valleys, and other features by using a theodolite, which is usually mounted on a tripod, or three-legged platform. Brazil also has an extensive coastline stretching approximately 4,650 miles (7,491 kilometers) along the Atlantic Ocean. It includes numerous islands and archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, Trindade and Martim Vaz, and the Abrolhos Islands. The coastal area, interspersed with beaches, bays, and inlets, forms a significant part of Brazil's geographical identity. States of Brazil Map Rigge, W. F (1918). "Partial eclipse of the moon, 1918, June 24". Popular Astronomy. 26: 373. Bibcode: 1918PA.....26..373R. rigge1918 Not included in the IMF list, nor the United Nations list, are some country-like territories, geopolitical units that are de facto autonomous but disputed or otherwise not generally recognized, such as Abkhazia, Northern Cyprus, Saharawi (Western Sahara), Somaliland, and Transnistria, which would add five more countries to the list.