a b c Woods, R.I.; Watterson, P.A.; Woodward, JH. (1 November 1988). "The Causes of Rapid Infant Mortality Decline in England and Wales, 1861–1921 Part I". Population Studies. 42 (3): 343–366. doi: 10.1080/0032472031000143516. ISSN 0032-4728. PMID 11613879. Austerity blamed for life expectancy stalling for first time in century". The Guardian. 25 February 2020 . Retrieved 6 July 2022. Szreter, Simon (1996). Fertility, Class and Gender in Britain, 1860–1940. Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Society in Past Time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-34343-5.

a b Marshall, Louise; Finch, David; Cairncross, Liz; Bibby, Jo (November 2019). "Mortality and life expectancy trends in the UK: stalling progress" (PDF). Vital statistics: population and health reference tables". Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 6 March 2018. By the beginning of the 21st century, the population of the United Kingdom rested at a total of 59,113,000 people. In each constituent nation, the population of England was 49,449,700, Scotland had a population of 5,064,200, Wales had a population of 2,910,200 and Northern Ireland a population of 1,689,300. [5] Increased international migration which began to rapidly increase at the end of the 20th century also has brought increased ethnic heterogenization to the British population, not only in ethnicity and race, but also in country of birth. In 2001, the White British population was registered to be 88.52% of the total population, but by 2011, this proportion of the population had dropped to 81.88%, with other ethnic groups either rising by 50% of their respective total population in 2001 or doubling entirely. Booth, Robert (11 December 2012). "Census 2011 data on religion reveals Jedi Knights are in decline". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 14 November 2020. By the 1870s, the total fertility rate of the UK population declined from 4.88 children per woman in 1871, to 2.4 by 1921, representing a transition to the third stage of the demographic transition. [5] Traditional means of birth control were used such as abstinence and withdrawal facilitated the collapse of the birth rate, [5] this was also hastened by the 1930s by more modern methods of contraception which were beginning to be used with increased acceptance. [5] From 1840 to 1930 there was a net emigration of English people out of the country which resulted in the population being stunted in the capacity it could have grown to. [5]Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales". ons.gov.uk. 2 July 2010 . Retrieved 18 December 2012. United Kingdom population mid-year estimate". Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 6 March 2018. In 2004, along with Ireland and Sweden, Britain was one of the only countries within the EU to not implement 'transitional controls' on migration flows from the newly joined A8 countries from Eastern Europe. [129] [130] Around 453,000 immigrants, which has been revised upwards in recent years, [130] [131] from these new counties were estimated in 2015 to have migrated to the UK. [132] Country of birth [ edit ] In Prospect, he outlined four projections for a majority-minority scenario within the United Kingdom; [165] If the individual was not UK resident in any of the three prior tax years and they spent less than 46 days in the United Kingdom in the year in question.

a b Hatton, Timothy J.; Martin, Richard M. (1 October 2010). "Fertility decline and the heights of children in Britain, 1886–1938". Explorations in Economic History. 47 (4): 505–519. doi: 10.1016/j.eeh.2010.05.003. hdl: 1885/66235. ISSN 0014-4983. S2CID 1137234.QS302EW (General health) - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk . Retrieved 7 May 2023. The reduction of the total fertility rate of the United Kingdom has also had an effect on the mean age in which a mother gives birth to her first child. [46] Schools, pupils and their characteristics, Academic Year 2021/22". explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk . Retrieved 9 September 2022.

Sexual orientation, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk . Retrieved 18 October 2023. a b c d e f g h i j k l Chappell, Roma, ed. (2005). "Chapter 5: Fertility and Mortality". Focus On People and Migration. Palgrave Macmillan London. doi: 10.1007/978-1-349-75096-2. ISBN 978-1-4039-9327-4. census - local base statistics - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk . Retrieved 8 May 2023. Census 2021 main statistics sexual orientation tables". Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 14 March 2023 . Retrieved 18 October 2023.TS027 - National identity - UK - Nomis - Official Census and Labour Market Statistics". www.nomisweb.co.uk . Retrieved 6 May 2023. Dying in a tax year when you were previously automatically resident for the previous three tax years and where the individual had a home in the United Kingdom. a b c d "UK Government Web Archive" (PDF). webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk . Retrieved 12 March 2023. In 2003, Right to Request was setup which allowed the parents of small children to request flexible working times which included shorter working hours for parents to care for their children. [25] However, although a majority of requests for Right to Request are accepted, a report in 2006 found that its impact was negligible as mothers tended to switch employers to get reduced hours regardless. [25] a b c d Quirk, Joel; Richardson, David (1 December 2010). "Religion, Urbanisation and Anti-Slavery Mobilisation in Britain, 1787–1833". European Journal of English Studies. 14 (3): 263–279. doi: 10.1080/13825577.2010.517298. ISSN 1382-5577. S2CID 144274555.