Indo-European-speaking, horse-breeding peoples have spread over a huge area – across central Asia, towards China in the east, into central and southern Europe in the west and northern India to the south. In the river valleys of China, villages are growing in number and size, and their technologies are advancing. Soon one of the world’s great civilizations will emerge here. South East Asia and Oceania In the Americas, in Mexico, farming is becoming more and more intensive. This will lead to the rise of complex societies over the coming centuries.

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India is now divided amongst numerous regional kingdoms. Culturally, the states of southern India are coming to the fore.

Indian traders are pioneering maritime trade routes between India and South East Asia. As a result, Indian civilization is beginning to spread amongst the peoples of Burma, the Malayan peninsula and the islands of Indonesia. To the north, the Russians have come into the Christian fold, looking to Constantinople for religious leadership. They are developing a unique culture of their own, drawing largely on Byzantine models. The Steppes The Igorots of Ifugao in northern Luzon built the rice terraces from the mountain walls of cordillera.

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The Middle East has come to be dominated by a number of powerful, highly organized states, notably Egypt of the New Kingdom, the Hittite empire, and Babylon. The Steppe Peoples BC | 2400 BC | 2200 BC | 2000 BC | 1900 BC | 1800 BC | 1700 BC | 1600 BC | 1500 BC | 1400 BC | 1300 BC | 1200 BC | 1100 BC | 1000 BC | 900 BC | 700 BC | 650 BC | 625 BC Indian history has witnessed the rise of the greatest empire since the Mauryan empire, in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE. This is the Gupta empire, and this period is widely seen as one of the high points of Classical Indian civilization. By this date, however, the Gupta state is in decline. Europe The Americas have seen a further expansion of farming. In Central America, the first civilization of the Western Hemisphere has arisen, that of the Olmecs. In South America, intensive trade links between the high Andes and the coastal plains of Peru are creating a single cultural area. In North America, irrigation farming is already becoming established in the dry south-west of the present-day United States. Further east the Adena culture is emerging in the Mississippi valley, starting a tradition of mound-building which will last for two and a half millennia.The Roman empire is at its height, but is just about to enter its long decline. It has given its inhabitants two centuries of almost unbroken peace, and so, like the Han dynasty in China, ranks as one of the longest periods of peace in world history. The appearance of Roman merchants in south Chinese ports shows the strength of trade links between different parts of the Eastern Hemisphere by this time. East Asia On the steppes of eastern Europe and central Asia, the struggles between competing Turkic groups caused some to move westward, where they have posed a threat to the more settled societies of central and southern Europe. The Avars and the Bulgars are the most notable of these hordes. We will list below the most important types of world history maps that you may want to search and use. Political history maps On the western steppes, the Scythians continue their domination, but their power is being challenged on their eastern flank by the rise of new Iranian peoples, the Parthians and Sarmatians. This development may well be linked to the rise of heavy cavalry. Larger, stronger horses were now being bred on the Iranian tablelands, and these could support a mounted warrior clad in chain mail. Indeed, the animals themselves were being given an armored coat.

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Two developments stand out in this period as highly significant for the history of world technology. Paper has been invented in Han China. This will make the dissemination of written information much easier and cheaper. The heavy plow probably appears about now in northern Europe. This will be of great importance in opening up the heavy clay lowlands of the region to arable farming, and so be one the keys to future European growth. The DK Atlas of World History, 2000 ed. Map of “The World in 500 BCE ”. Pgs 34-35. (Specific refs below) As the editors write, each of these maps hides a library of research and expertise. Together, they offer a history of our world via visual spatial analysis that invites one to explore that world with curiosity and agency.Hitherto the peoples living on the steppes have practiced a mixed farming and herding economy. At around this time they shift to a more mobile lifestyle. They live less in small villages and more in temporary encampments. They are becoming true nomads.

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In South America, the Moche civilization is now flourishing, bringing Andean urban culture to new heights. Technology

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In South East Asia, a maritime power now dominates many of the coasts and islands of the region. This is the Srivijaya empire. On the islands and coasts of southern China the ancestors of the Malays and Polynesians are starting their great migration down into South East Asian waters. From here, in the course of their history they will travel over a vast area of the globe: eastwards as far as Hawaii and Easter Island, and westwards as far as Madagascar. Europe and Central Asia In the political sphere, also, Europe and its offshoots in the Americas have been experiencing unprecedented change. In England, the Glorious Revolution of 1688-9 led to rights of individual citizens being guaranteed by law. Ironically, these very principles which Britain pioneered led to a rebellion against her by her American colonies. Most of these have now broken away from British rule to form a new nation with its own deliberately designed constitution, the United States of America. At the same time, the use of alphabetic scripts has been becoming widespread. The Aramaean script is now used throughout the Middle East. Its employment is fostered by the rise of huge imperial states in the region, and the transfers of population that this has involved. In Africa, the future expansion of agriculture is being assured by the domestication of tropical plants as food crops.