The SAQ used in this study consisted of closed-ended questions about participants’ demographic characteristics, i.e., gender, age, nationality, pre-university residence, current region, study field, and university. In the second section, there was an 11-point hedonic scale to assess participants’ level of being concerned by the RUW-22—“How much are you concerned by the news of the Russian-Ukrainian War?”, where 0 represented “not concerned at all” and 10 represented “extremely concerned”. The frequency of following war news and the used news outlets were assessed by multiple-choice questions. of Russia – Geoffrey Hosking, Lindsey Hughes and Susan Morrissey”, while he “also learned a lot from Russia specialists in different disciplines. As supervisor and mentor, Hosking has given me a model of how to write in a broad and ambitious way about Russian history, though I don’t claim to have lived up to it!”

The studies included in the review showed that stress and anxiety increased during the pandemic and war, with gender and uncertainty playing a critical role in it. The studies provided insights into the widespread use of problem-focused and task-focused coping strategies, despite their impact on increasing stress and anxiety. Higher learning institutions have an opportunity to provide interventions for students going through the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the RUW, and other future crises. Longitudinal studies provide an opportunity for understanding students’ long-term stress and anxiety outcomes associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and the RUW and the impact of different coping strategies. Author contributions Mark B. Smith delivers a historically rooted, level-headed blow to the dominant Russophobia that is very much the current view of the 'Russian Bear' on the international stage today; and, as Smith persuasively reveals, an uncritical skepticism and mistrust of Russia has long been the dominant view in the West. Significant increase in anxiety from T1 ( M = 2.07, SD = 1.64) to T2 ( M = 2.64, SD = 1.82); For each unit increase in stress at T1, there was a 0.86 unit decrease in the change in anxiety

In a particularly effective passage Smith captures what many people feel when they encounter the hypocrisy and evasions generated by the Russia Anxiety: Khrushchev’s promise to eliminate the urban housing shortage: rights, rationality and the communist future’ in Melanie Ilic and Jeremy Smith (eds), State and Society Under Nikita Khrushchev (Routledge, 2009): 26-45 Overall, the prevalence of stress and anxiety were significantly higher in female students than in male students. This points out the need to view female students as a vulnerable group. However, with Khoshaim et al. ( 43) reporting that female students are more likely to seek support as a coping mechanism while male students use avoidance and mental disengagement, the implications on both genders over the long term are likely to differ. The ineffective problem-focused coping strategies that male students prefer might be counterproductive, as crises or disasters last for longer than initially expected. Huang et al. ( 20) proposed that longer studies are needed to determine if the impact of problem-focused coping strategies on anxiety persists. Besides females, other studies have established that students of minority sexual orientation also experienced higher stress and anxiety during the pandemic ( 48). These findings emphasize the need to segment students based on risk and prioritize the vulnerable ones during pandemics and crises to improve outcomes. The withering away of the danger society: the pensions reforms of 1956 and 1964 in the Soviet Union’, Social Science History, 39:1 (2015): 129-48 Ranging from the earliest times to the present, Mark B. Smith's remarkable new book is a history of this 'Russia Anxiety'. Whether ally or enemy, superpower or failing state, Russia grips our imagination and fuels our fears unlike any other country. This book shows how history itself offers a clearer view and a better future.

This book is well written and was effective in challenging my perceptions concerning Russia. The book also offers a good history of Russia and the impact that history has on Russia's perspective of the west and the west's view of Russia. In short, Mark Smith argues that the west should experience less anxiety about the Russian government's objectives both historically and prospectively.The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Publisher’s note with Moritz Foellmer, 'Urban societies in Europe since 1945: towards an historical interpretation', Contemporary European History , 24:4 (2015): 475-91 As Smith says, simply asking such questions destabilises the Russia Anxiety and helps to deflate the excessive and bombastic moral certitude of Western policy towards Russia. Fizzing with energy, Mark B. Smith's book explodes many myths about the Russians and compels us to reflect critically on ourselves. Mark B. Smith, university lecturer in 20th-century European history at the University of Cambridge, studied history at Oxford and then at UCL’s School of Slavonic and East European Studies. His teachers there, he recalls, were “major historians

Women experienced significantly higher anxiety than men; Urban participants experienced significantly higher anxiety than rural participants; Closeness to the COVID-19 zone increased the strength of anxiety The mean GAD-7 score was 7.86 ± 5.32, with 22.3% and 13.7% of the participants exhibiting moderate and severe anxiety symptoms, respectively. Females had a significantly higher GAD-7 score than their male counterparts (8.64 vs. 6.11; Sig. < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were found between participants of different age groups ( Sig. = 0.798) or nationalities ( Sig. = 0.113). The students who came from cities with >500,000 inhabitants had the highest GAD-7 scores (8.30 ± 6.09) compared with other pre-university residences. of participants had COVID-Related anxiety; 39.8%, 52.55%, and 7.65% had high, medium, and low stress, respectively; Strong association between stress and anxietyThe poll was conducted among 1,631 Russians aged 18 or over. It was carried out in 50 urban and rural areas across Russia from September 22 to 28, with personal interviews in the respondents’ homes.