Mittermayr, Helmut (8 December 2013). "70 Verletzte bei Krampuslauf"[70 injured in Krampus run]. Tiroler Tageszeitung (in German). A toned-down version of Krampus is part of the popular Christmas markets in Austrian urban centres like Salzburg. In these, more tourist-friendly interpretations, Krampus is more humorous than fearsome. [30] Dallas Krampus Society Walk, 2016

Similar figures are recorded in neighboring areas. Strohbart in Bavaria, Klaubauf(mann) in Austria and Bavaria, while Bartl or Bartel, Niglobartl, and Wubartl are used in the southern part of the country. Other names include Barrel or Bartholomeus ( Styria), Schmutzli ( German-speaking Switzerland), Pöpel or Hüllepöpel ( Würzburg), Zember ( Cheb), Belzmärte and Pelzmärtel ( Swabia and Franconia). In most parts of Slovenia, whose culture was greatly affected by Austrian culture, Krampus is called parkelj and is one of the companions of Miklavž, the Slovenian form of St. Nicholas. [17] [32] Davis, Robert (2004). Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403945518.a b "Joines & Kotz's "Krampus!" Terrorizes Christmas at Image". Comic Book Resources. 19 November 2013. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021 . Retrieved 21 December 2014. Koliada– Ancient pre-Christian Slavic winter festival, an ancient pre-Christian Slavic festival where participants wear masks and costumes and run around. Run, Kris Kringle, Krampus is Coming!". Der Spiegel Online. 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 17 December 2011. A seasonal play that spread throughout the Alpine regions was known as the Nikolausspiel [ de] ("Nicholas play"). Inspired by Paradise plays, [ citation needed] which focused on Adam and Eve's encounter with a tempter, the Nicholas plays featured competition for the human souls and played on the question of morality. In these Nicholas plays, Saint Nicholas would reward children for scholarly efforts rather than for good behavior. [24] This is a theme that grew in Alpine regions where the Roman Catholic Church had significant influence. [ citation needed] Perchtenlauf and Krampuslauf [ edit ]

Beauchamp, Monte (2004). The Devil in Design: The Krampus Postcards. Seattle, Washington: Fantagraphics. pp.14–29, 32. ISBN 978-1-56097-542-7. Oltermann, Philip (8 December 2019). "Austria struggles with marauding Krampus demons gone rogue: Police record rising violence and drunkenness in relation to traditional folkloric festivities". The Guardian . Retrieved 8 December 2019. The character of Krampus has been imported and modified for various North American media, [19] [37] including print (e.g. Krampus: The Devil of Christmas, a collection of vintage postcards by Monte Beauchamp in 2004; [38] [26] Krampus: The Yule Lord, a 2012 novel by Gerald Brom [39]); Krampus, a comic series from Image Comics in 2013 created by Dean Kotz and Brian Joines, television – both live action (" A Krampus Carol", a 2012 episode of The League [37]) and animation (" A Very Venture Christmas", a 2004 episode of The Venture Bros., [19] " Minstrel Krampus", a 2013 episode of American Dad! [40])–video games ( CarnEvil, a 1998 arcade game, [41] The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth, a 2014 video game [42]), and film ( Krampus, a 2015 Christmas comedy horror movie from Universal Pictures [43]). Schubladen, Hans (1983–1984). "Zur Geschichte von Perchtenbräuchen im Berchtesgadener Land, in Tirol und Salzburg vom 16. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert. Grundlagen zur Analyse heutigen Traditionsverständnisses" [On the history of Perchten customs in the Berchtesgadener Land, in Tyrol and Salzburg from the 16th to the 19th century. Basics for the analysis of today's understanding of tradition]. Bayerische Hefte für Volkskunde[ Bavarian issues for folklore] (in German): 1–29. Krampus is thought to come from either Bavarian: krampn, meaning "dead", "rotten", or from the German: kramp/krampen, meaning "claw". [5] [6] [7] Origins [ edit ] A person dressed as Krampus at Morzger Pass, Salzburg, AustriaThe Krampus figures persisted, and by the 17th century Krampus had been incorporated into Christian winter celebrations by pairing Krampus with St. Nicholas. [10] Modern history [ edit ] Honigmann, John J. (Autumn 1977). "The Masked Face". Ethos. 5 (3): 263–80. doi: 10.1525/eth.1977.5.3.02a00020.

Krampus is a horned, anthropomorphic figure in the Central and Eastern Alpine folklore of Europe who, during the Advent season, scares children who have misbehaved. Assisting Saint Nicholas, or Santa Claus, the pair visit children on the night of 6 December, with Saint Nicholas rewarding the well-behaved children with gifts such as oranges, dried fruit, walnuts and chocolate, while the badly behaved ones only receive punishment from Krampus with birch rods. Krampus day itself, on the other hand, is on the 5th of December. [1] Yule goat– Scandinavian decorative Christmas straw goat, a goat associated with the midwinter period among the North Germanic peoples In the 1950s, the government distributed pamphlets titled "Krampus Is an Evil Man" for fear that encounters with Krampus might damage children's mental health. [12] Towards the end of the century, a popular resurgence of Krampus celebrations occurred and continues today. [13] Silver, Marc (30 November 2009). "Merry Krampus?". NGM Blog Central. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 22 September 2010 . Retrieved 17 December 2011. Krampus appears in the folklore of Austria, Bavaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Northern Italy ( Autonomous Province of Trento and South Tyrol), Slovakia, and Slovenia. [29]

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Reed, Ashley; Houghton, David (19 December 2014). "12 games where you beat the everloving cheer out of Santa Claus". GamesRadar . Retrieved 21 December 2014.

Perchta– German Alpine goddess, a female figure in West Germanic folklore whose procession ( Perchtenlauf) occurs during the midwinter period Haid, Oliver (2006). "Christmas markets in the Tyrolean Alps: Representing regional traditions in a newly created world of Christmas". In Picard, David; Robinson, Mike (eds.). Festivals, tourism and social change: remaking worlds. Buffalo, New York: Channel View Publications. pp.216–19. ISBN 978-1-84541-048-3. a b c d e f g h Bruce, Maurice (March 1958). "The Krampus in Styria". Folklore. 69 (1): 44–47. doi: 10.1080/0015587X.1958.9717121.In the aftermath of the 1932 election in Austria, the Krampus tradition was prohibited by the Dollfuss regime [11] under the clerical fascist Fatherland Front ( Vaterländische Front) and the Christian Social Party.