Diebel J. Representing attitude: Euler angles, unit quaternions, and rotation vectors. Technical Report , vol. 58. Stanford: Stanford University; 2006. p. 1–35. chr7 26594641 26594733 93 + lincRNA ENSG00000233760 ENSE00001716169 ENST00000457000 AC004947.2 #Plot Steinhausen MF, Steffensen JF, Andersen NG. Tail beat frequency as a predictor of swimming speed and oxygen consumption of saithe ( Pollachius virens) and whiting ( Merlangius merlangus) during forced swimming. Mar Biol. 2005;148(1):197–204. Bowditch N. The American practical navigator, Bicentennial edition. Bethesda: National Imagery and Mapping Agency; 2002. p. 879.

Williams LR, Fox DR, Bishop-Hurley GJ, Swain DL. Use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to record grazing beef cattle water point use. Comput Electron Agric. 2019;156:193–202.Adachi T, Costa DP, Robinson PW, Peterson SH, Yamamichi M, Naito Y, Takahashi A. Searching for prey in a three-dimensional environment: hierarchical movements enhance foraging success in northern elephant seals. Funct Ecol. 2017;31(2):361–9. The direction of the individual reads is indicated by the arrow head, and read pairs are connect by a bright gray line. Gaps in the alignments are show by the connecting dark gray lines. On devices that support transparancy we can also see that some of the read pairs are actually overlapping. Aside from games themselves, we also monitor advertisments and sponsors across the platform. We use this data to let you know when the best time to advertise or sponsor your game is, and then to give you better insights into their performance once you do run them. Marcus Rowcliffe J, Carbone C, Kays R, Kranstauber B, Jansen PA. Bias in estimating animal travel distance: the effect of sampling frequency. Methods Ecol Evol. 2012;3(4):653–62.

Shepard EL, Wilson RP, Halsey LG, Quintana F, Laich AG, Gleiss AC, Liebsch N, Myers AE, Norman B. Derivation of body motion via appropriate smoothing of acceleration data. Aquat Biol. 2008;4(3):235–41. Caruso MJ. Applications of magnetic sensors for low cost compass systems. In: IEEE 2000 position location and navigation symposium (Cat No00CH37062): 13–16 March 2000; 2000. p. 177–84.

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Gain the career-building R programming skills you need to successfully develop software, wrangle data, and perform advanced data analysis in R. No prior coding experience is required, you can start your journey to becoming an R programmer today! Chapman Jason W, Klaassen Raymond HG, Drake VA, Fossette S, Hays Graeme C, Metcalfe Julian D, Reynolds Andrew M, Reynolds Don R, Alerstam T. Animal orientation strategies for movement in flows. Curr Biol. 2011;21(20):R861–70.

Another way to visualize movement data is to show where the caribou are at different times of the year. Here we will use day of year (DOY) in different colors to show where the caribou are through the seasons. So DOY 1 is January 1st and DOY 365 is December 31st. DOY 182 will be the peak of summer which will also be the midpoint of the color ramp. In this map DOY 182 is green so summer will be the greener colors and purple/red will be winter. ggmap(sq_map) + Noda T, Kawabata Y, Arai N, Mitamura H, Watanabe S. Animal-mounted gyroscope/accelerometer/magnetometer: in situ measurement of the movement performance of fast-start behaviour in fish. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 2014;451:55–68.

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A right-handed rotation ( \(C\)) about the y-axis at \(F_{1}\), through angle θ (Eq. 5), to get to the second intermediate frame ( \(F_{2}\)). The concept is to create a car with the usability and road capability of the standard GT-R but to infuse it with the much greater turn-in agility and body control of the Nismo model. So is it a compromised halfway house or the perfect GT-R for every situation? What’s it like to drive? geom_path(data = cdat, aes(x = location.long, y = location.lat, color = year, group = tag.local.identifier)) + Alexander JS, Zhang C, Shi K, Riordan P. A granular view of a snow leopard population using camera traps in Central China. Biol Conserv. 2016;197:27–31. Dividing the number of steps detected within a given rolling window length (cf. R 1:4), by the window length ( s) gives an estimated step count per second. This can be converted to speed by multiplying by a distance per step estimate (assuming constant distance travelled between step gaits). We review this further in Additional file 1: Text S4, including a simple peak finder function— Gundog.Peaks (Additonal file 3) that locates peaks based on local signal maxima, using a given rolling window, with each candidate peak filtered according to whether it surpassed a threshold height (in conjunction with other potential user-defined thresholds). Note, this method can equally be applied to non-terrestrial species, using flipper/tail beats instead, where appropriate.

Valenti RG, Dryanovski I, Xiao J. Keeping a good attitude: a quaternion-based orientation filter for IMUs and MARGs. Sensors. 2015;15(8):19302–30. Hochscheid S. Why we mind sea turtles’ underwater business: a review on the study of diving behavior. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 2014;450:118–36.

In R, the formulae to calculate the great-circle distance and great circular bearing are saved within the disty (R 61) and beary (R 62) functions, respectively, where lon1, lat1, long2 and lat2 represent longitude and latitude positions (decimal format) at \(t_{i}\) and \(t_{i + 1}\), ( \(t\) representing time). The direction in which the fingers curl when pointing the right thumb along the positive direction (+ 1 g) of the z-axis (e.g., down for NED coordinates), reflect the direction of rotation to be applied about each axis (for a given Euler angle sequence), with the index finger representing the x-axis and the middle finger representing the y-axis, respectively, when splayed out at right angles to the thumb. Roll It’ll cope with beaten B-roads, where it steers keenly, nibbling at cambers and crests and dips, while the engine whooshes you along on a barrow-load of torque, delivered to all four wheels via its unnoticeably smooth six-speed dual-clutch automatic gearbox. The animal moves in the same direction and angle as its anterior–posterior axis (relative to North and the gravity vector, respectively). Georeference Aoki K, Amano M, Mori K, Kourogi A, Kubodera T, Miyazaki N. Active hunting by deep-diving sperm whales: 3D dive profiles and maneuvers during bursts of speed. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 2012;444:289–301.