Prepare a solution for your skin. Combine 1 teaspoon of a carrier oil — like a vegetable or nut oil — with three drops of essential oil. You can also use water, but it may not dissolve as well. Autier, P.; Dore, J.-F.; Cesarini, J.-P.; Boyle, P. (1997). "Should subjects who used psoralen suntan activators be screened for melanoma?". Annals of Oncology. 8 (5): 435–437. doi: 10.1023/A:1008205513771. ISSN 0923-7534. PMID 9233521. The data supporting this review are from previously reported studies and datasets, which have been cited. The processed data are available from the corresponding author upon request. Conflicts of Interest

Various studies have examined the phototoxic activity of furanocoumarins in different experimental models including fungi, green algae, bacteria, laboratory animals, and cultured human skin systems [ 28]. One study investigated the phototoxic effects of bergamot oil and BP in the skin of guinea pig exposed to monochromatic UV light [ 41]. The number of sunburn cells in the interfollicular epidermis (SBCs) was significantly increased when the skin was treated with bergamot oil or BP along with UVA radiation but not after the treatment with UVA alone, evidencing the photosensitizer effects of bergamot oil or BP.

What is bergamot oil?

Representative scheme with regarding pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms of bergapten. ↑: increased; ↓: decreased; mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; ROS: reactive oxygen species; NO: nitric oxide; iNO: inducible nitric oxide; RANK: receptor activator of nuclear factor- κB; P13k/Akt: phosphoinositide-3-kinase–protein kinase B/Akt; NF- κB: nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells; NFATc1: nuclear factor-activated T cells c1; TNF- α: tumor necrosis alpha; COX: cyclooxygenase; IL-6: interleukin-6; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus. 5. Bergapten in Clinical Trials

In another study, the antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extracts of seven coumarins containing plants found in Finland was tested against some gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, moulds, and plant pathogenic fungi. The most significant activity was found in extracts from Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss and Ruta graveolens L. against Rhizoctonia solani [ 37]. In isolation, BP slightly retarded the growth of the fungus Botrytis cinerea. One of the characteristics that have attracted researchers is the phototoxicity of several furanocoumarins including BP when used in combination with UVA radiation. The open-field test is considered as an indicator of the emotional state of the animal, which allows an easy and fairly rapid assessment of well-defined behaviours, such as crossing, wall rearing, grooming, center, and immobility, and it is widely used in the screening of drugs that act on the central nervous system (CNS) [ 27]. Particularly, crossing and wall rearing can be, respectively, regarded as indicators of locomotor activity and exploratory behaviour, whereas grooming, center, and immobility are behaviours positively correlated with fear or emotionality [ 27– 29]. The rat was placed in the center of a dark plastic circular arena (75 cm diameter) in a sound proof room with 20 lux light [ 27]. The duration of each behavioural session was 20 min. The assessed parameters (general locomotor activity in an interval of 5 min (square limit crossings with both forepaws and wall rearing), anxiety-related behaviour (face and body grooming, head washing, and time spent in the center of arena), and immobility) were videotaped and analyzed to be scored (Labehaviour). 2.5. Statistics Adulteration with cheaper products such as oil of rosewood and bergamot mint has been a problem for consumers. To protect the reputation of their produce, the Italian government introduced tight controls, including testing and certificates of purity. The Stazione Sperimentale per le Industrie delle Essenze e dei Derivati dagli Agrumi (Experimental Station for Essential Oil and Citrus By-Products) located in Reggio di Calabria, is the quality control body for the essential oil Bergamotto di Reggio Calabria DOP. [14] The C. bergamia is frequently misidentified as C. hystrix ( kaffir lime), due to the latter occasionally going by the name "Thai Bergamot".

8 side effects of bergamot

After the initial hour, the amber and musk notes emerge more and balance the fragrance. It still has that bright, citrusy behavior, but I get more intense undertones of floral notes and musky herb-based spice. At times, it can feel quite powdery and slightly soapy. The amber is akin to ambergris, more salty that sweet.

They also had lower levels of corticosterone in their bodies, which is the animal version of the stress hormone, cortisol. Bergamot oil is also said to have similar qualities to grapefruit essential oil, in that it’s antiseptic, antispasmodic and analgesic (pain relieving). It has also been linked to potentially helping with skin concerns.

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A 2019 review cites several studies that suggest bergamot can help reduce lipids in the body and lower the risk of cardiovascular disease. Workplace stress has attracted much attention recently [ 1]. In Taiwan, working stress is increasing among elementary school teachers, as a result of students declining, competition between schools, and education reform. Local studies have indicated that there is higher job stress and interpersonal stress in male elementary teachers than in female teachers. Young teachers feel increased stress on income and time scheduling; while senior teachers feel increased stress on colleague relationships [ 2]. Thus, appropriate stress coping methods are also highly desirable. Citrus bergamia is a small tree that blossoms during the winter. The juice tastes less sour than lemon, but more bitter than grapefruit. [ citation needed] Phytochemicals [ edit ]