In Asia, coconut shells are also used as bowls and in the manufacture of various handicrafts, including buttons carved from dried shell. Coconut buttons are often used for Hawaiian aloha shirts. Tempurung, as the shell is called in the Malay language, can be used as a soup bowl and–if fixed with a handle–a ladle. In Thailand, the coconut husk is used as a potting medium to produce healthy forest tree saplings. The process of husk extraction from the coir bypasses the retting process, using a custom-built coconut husk extractor designed by ASEAN–Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre in 1986. Fresh husks contain more tannin than old husks. Tannin produces negative effects on sapling growth. [158] The shell and husk can be burned for smoke to repel mosquitoes [157] and are used in parts of South India for this purpose.

Maturity is difficult to assess on an unopened coconut, and there is no technically proven method for determining maturity. Based on color and size, younger coconuts tend to be smaller and have brighter colors, while more mature coconuts have browner colors and are larger. [121] They can also be determined traditionally by tapping on the coconut fruit. Malauhog has a "solid" sound when tapped, while Malakanin and Malakatad produce a "hollow" sound. [119] [120] Another method is to shake the coconut. Immature coconuts produce a sloshing sound when shaken (the sharper the sound, the younger it is), while fully mature coconuts do not. [122] [123]These provide substantial circumstantial evidence that deliberate Austronesian voyagers were involved in carrying coconuts across the Pacific Ocean and that they could not have dispersed worldwide without human agency. More recently, genomic analysis of cultivated coconut ( C.nucifera L.) has shed light on the movement. However, admixture, the transfer of genetic material, evidently occurred between the two populations. [71] Foale, M.; Harries, H. Coconut. In Specialty Crops for Pacific Islands; Elevitch, C., Ed.; Permanent Agricultural Resources: Holualoa, HI, USA, 2011; ISBN 978-0-970-25448-1. [ Google Scholar] Fremond, Y.; Ziller, R.; de Nuce de Lamothe, M. The Coconut Palm; International Potash Institute: Berne, Switzerland, 1966. [ Google Scholar] a b c d e f Lew, Christopher. "Tracing the origin of the coconut ( Cocos nucifera L.)" (PDF). Prized Writing 2018–2019. University of California, Davis: 143–157. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2021 . Retrieved April 22, 2021.

Tomlinson, P.B. The Structural Biology of Palms; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1990. [ Google Scholar] The shell, freed from the husk, and heated on warm ashes, exudes an oily material that is used to soothe dental pains in traditional medicine of Cambodia. [159] When researchers pitted virgin coconut oil against a placebo control, the coconut oil did worse. Not only was there no difference in fat burning, the study subjects ended up hungrier after the coconut oil meal. Coconut oil was less satiating than the same number of calories of a control oil. It turns out coconut oil is just as fattening as other oils in terms of total, belly, or butt/thigh fat and may have adverse metabolic effects.

How to make:

In 2020, world production of coconuts was 62 million tonnes, led by Indonesia, India, and the Philippines, with 75% combined of the total (table). [78] Cultivation The high fiber content of coconut meat can also help slow digestion and may potentially improve insulin resistance, which can help regulate blood sugar levels as well ( 22).

A sprinkle of raw coconut adds texture and a tropical flavor to oatmeal. Stirred into pudding or yogurt, it’s also a delicious calorie booster for someone who wants to gain weight. Foale, M. The growth of the young coconut palm ( Cocos nucifera L). II. The influence of nut size on seedling growth in three cultivars. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1968, 19, 927–937. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Guerin, C.; Serret, J.; Montúfar, R.; Vaissayre, V.; Bastos-Siqueira, A.; Durand-Gasselin, T.; Tregear, J.; Morcillo, F.; Dussert, S. Palm seed and fruit lipid composition: Phylogenetic and ecological perspectives. Ann. Bot. 2020, 125, 157–172. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] In Kerala, India, the main coconut pests are the coconut mite, the rhinoceros beetle, the red palm weevil, and the coconut leaf caterpillar. Research into countermeasures to these pests has as of 2009 [update] yielded no results; researchers from the Kerala Agricultural University and the Central Plantation Crop Research Institute, Kasaragode, continue to work on countermeasures. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannur under Kerala Agricultural University has developed an innovative extension approach called the compact area group approach to combat coconut mites.

See also: Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia, Austronesian peoples, and Genomics of domestication Chronological dispersal of Austronesian peoples across the Indo-Pacific [46] [47] Domesticated Pacific coconut from the Philippines with bright yellow rounded niu vai-type fruits and a slow-growing dwarf habit Harries, H.C. On the common origin of southeast asia of phytoplasma associated diseases of coconut. Coconut Res. Dev. 1998, 14, 34. [ Google Scholar] According to urban legend, more deaths are caused by falling coconuts than by sharks annually. [182] Historical records