The Art of C. G. Jung

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It’s important to note that the contents of the personal unconscious are not always negative. They can also be positive or neutral aspects of experience that have simply fallen out of conscious awareness. Collective Unconscious Runco, Mark A.; Pritzker, Mark A.; Pritzker, Steven R. (1999). Encyclopedia of Creativity, Volume 2 I-Z. San Diego: Academic Press. p.539. ISBN 0-12-227077-0. O'Brien, John A. (2017). "The Healing of Nations". Psychological Perspectives. 60 (2): 207–214. doi: 10.1080/00332925.2017.1314701. S2CID 149140098. When it comes to conflict and pleasure-seeking, Jung’s theory views these as parts of psychic self-regulation. The psyche uses the libido to balance out conflicts within the individual, striving towards a state of equilibrium. Jung, Emma; Franz, Marie-Luise von (1998). The Grail Legend. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p.36. ISBN 0-691-00237-1.

Jung, however, suggested that human motivation was not only driven by sexuality but also by a more general life force encompassing other motivations, such as creativity, spirituality, and intellectual pursuits. Psychosexual Stages

Jung proposed that human responses to archetypes are similar to instinctual responses in animals. One criticism of Jung is that there is no evidence that archetypes are biologically based or similar to animal instincts (Roesler, 2012). Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung were two pioneering figures in the field of psychology, and while they shared some common ground, they also had significant differences in their theories. Here are some of them: The Unconscious Mind The Anima and Animus represent our ‘otherness’, connecting the ego to the broader psyche, thus forming bridges to the unconscious. Rather than being seen as purely biological, more recent research suggests that archetypes emerge directly from our experiences and are reflections of linguistic or cultural characteristics (Young-Eisendrath, 1995). Archetypal psychology was developed by James Hillman in the second half of the 20th century. Hillman trained at the Jung Institute and was its Director after graduation. Archetypal psychology is in the Jungian tradition and most directly related to analytical psychology and psychodynamic theory, yet departs radically, even from Jung's original concept of what an archetype is. [58] Archetypal psychology relativizes and deliteralizes the ego and focuses on the psyche (or soul) itself and the archai, the deepest patterns of psychic functioning, the "fundamental fantasies that animate all of life". [59] Archetypal psychology is a polytheistic psychology, in that it attempts to recognize the myriad fantasies and myths, gods, goddesses, demigods, mortals and animals – that shape and are shaped by our psychological lives. [60] According to Hillman, the ego is just one psychological fantasy that exists within a multitude of other fantasies. [59]

Another criticism of archetypes is that seeing myths as universals tends to abstract them from the history of their actual creation, and their cultural context. [75] Some modern critics state that archetypes reduce cultural expressions to generic decontextualized concepts, stripped bare of their unique cultural context, reducing a complex reality into something "simple and easy to grasp". [75] Other critics respond that archetypes do nothing more than to solidify the cultural prejudices of the myths interpreter – namely modern Westerners. Modern scholarship with its emphasis on power and politics have seen archetypes as a colonial device to level the specifics of individual cultures and their stories in the service of grand abstraction. [76] This is demonstrated in the conceptualization of the "Other", which can only be represented by limited ego fiction despite its "fundamental unfathomability". [77] According to Jung, the ego represents the conscious mind as it comprises the thoughts, memories, and emotions a person is aware of. The ego is largely responsible for feelings of identity and continuity. Stevens suggests that DNA itself can be inspected for the location and transmission of archetypes. As they are co-terminous with natural life they should be expected wherever life is found. He suggests that DNA is the replicable archetype of the species. [5] Like Freud (and Erikson) Jung regarded the psyche as made up of a number of separate but interacting systems. The three main ones were the ego, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious. a b Weiner, Michael O.; Gallo-Silver, Les Paul (2018). The Complete Father: Essential Concepts and Archetypes. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p.5. ISBN 978-1-4766-6830-7.

Core Concepts of Jungian Psychology

Hutchison, Elizabeth D. (2019). Dimensions of Human Behavior: Person and Environment. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. p.176. ISBN 978-1-5443-3929-0. It involves integrating the conscious and unconscious parts of our mind and reconciling our many inner contradictions. In his book, Jung and the Post-Jungians, Andrew Samuels points out some important developments that relate to the concept of Jungian archetypes. Claude Lévi-Strauss was an advocate of structuralism in anthropology and, similar to Jung, was interested in better understanding the nature of collective phenomena. [5] As he worked to understand the structure and meaning of myth, Levi-Strauss came to the conclusion that present phenomena are transformations of earlier structures or infrastructures, going so far as to state that "the structure of primitive thoughts is present in our minds". [52] Stevens, Anthony (2015). Living Archetypes: The selected works of Anthony Stevens. Oxon: Routledge. p.141. ISBN 978-1-317-59562-5. In marketing, an archetype is a genre to a brand, based upon symbolism. The idea behind using brand archetypes in marketing is to anchor the brand against an icon, already embedded within the conscience and subconscious of humanity. In the minds of both the brand owner and the public, aligning with a brand archetype makes the brand easier to identify. Twelve archetypes have been proposed for use with branding: Sage, Innocent, Explorer, Ruler, Creator, Caregiver, Magician, Hero, Outlaw, Lover, Jester, and Regular Person. [73] Criticism [ edit ]

Carl Gustav Jung (1948) developed a nuanced understanding of the concept of libido, differing from his mentor Sigmund Freud. However, in modern Western civilization men are discouraged from living their feminine side and women from expressing masculine tendencies. For Jung, the result was that the full psychological development both sexes was undermined. a b Papadopoulos, Renos K. (2006). The Handbook of Jungian Psychology: Theory, Practice and Applications. New York: Routledge. pp.76, 84, 85. ISBN 1-58391-147-2.

The collective unconscious, a concept by Carl Jung, refers to shared, inherited unconscious knowledge and experiences across generations, expressed through universal symbols and archetypes common to all human cultures. Almaas, A. H. (2000-09-05). The Pearl Beyond Price: Integration of Personality into Being, an Object Relations Approach. Shambhala Publications. ISBN 978-0-8348-2499-7.