We speculate on how emerging methods will lead to the identification of the parallel pathway, and we make a plea to keep interpretative filters open in evaluating potential contribution to the antidepressant effect of MFB stimulation by non-dopaminergic fibers coursing through or near the effective stimulation site. For example, how do the diameters and myelination of corticofugal fibers terminating in the VTA compare to those of corticofugal fibers that continue caudally as well as to those of brainstem-projecting fibers arising in the diencephalon and basal forebrain? The data were interpreted as support for the proposition that direct activation of corticofugal VTA afferents gives rise to the therapeutic effect.

The Verge HP is blocking third-party printer ink again - The Verge

Refinement of behavioral methods for drawing neurochemical inferences about the reward substrate and development of increasingly specific pharmacological agents helped build a consensus that dopamine neurons play a crucial role in the phenomenon ( Franklin, 1978; Wise, 1978, 1980).He strongly emphasized the anticipatory quality of the emotion generated by activation of the SEEKING system and proposed that its neural substrate differs from that of the coveted hedonic experience. The set includes features like a rocket and a floating ball module that spark their curiosity and encourage them to synthesise everything they learn to create their own larger circuits and test their new knowledge.

Action Circuitry Electronic Experiment Set - The Good Play Guide Action Circuitry Electronic Experiment Set - The Good Play Guide

The intracranial self-stimulation data are consistent with the thin, dashed, blue curve in the lower-right panel, and not with the thick, solid, pink curve representing the intuitive conclusions drawn by experimenters who used the curve-shift method.

Identification of the terminal fields of the MFB-projecting neurons, coupled with optogenetic silencing methods ( Yizhar et al. On that view, the antidepressant effect of MFB stimulation arises, at least in part, from the trans-synaptic activation of midbrain dopamine neurons ( Schlaepfer et al. As in the case of electrical self-stimulation, the rewarding effect (particularly following administration of the specific dopamine transporter blocker, GBR-12909) started to saturate at pulse frequencies well within the frequency-following capabilities of the dopamine neurons.