Fortress London: The definitive book about Levelling Up and why it matters

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The Tower has served variously as an armoury, a treasury, a menagerie, the home of the Royal Mint, a public record office, and the home of the Crown Jewels of England. It was probably during Henry II's reign (1154–1189) that a forebuilding was added to the south side of the tower to provide extra defences to the entrance, but it has not survived.

Immediately west of Wakefield Tower, the Bloody Tower was built at the same time as the inner ward's curtain wall, and as a water-gate provided access to the castle from the River Thames. What I came away wondering is whether all of this is going to be just pointless shouting into the chasm.Hence those who already live within London, and have space to live with family in the early career years are able to apply for and accept job offers without the stress and struggle of moving out. The recent initiative to erect a towering concrete wall around the Houses of Parliament is adequate proof that the UK government recognises the severity of the threat it faces and the need to improve the resilience of critical sites. As the fortified bridge into London was held by Saxon troops, he decided instead to ravage Southwark before continuing his journey around southern England.

Featuring exclusive interviews with: Andy Burnham, Lisa Nandy, Steve Rotheram, Aditya Chakrabortty, David Blunkett, Jess Phillips, Andrew Adonis and more. Balancing the demands of a democratic society for open and accessible government with the need for constructing physical barriers and establishing security perimeters around government facilities is a complicated task. Under the Tudors, the Tower became used less as a royal residence, and despite attempts to refortify and repair the castle, its defences lagged behind developments to deal with artillery. Between 1348 and 1355, a second water-gate, Cradle Tower, was added east of St Thomas's Tower for the king's private use. This chapter challenges those who believe in the idea of a market of meritocracy, and education being the great leveller for opportunity.

The castle buildings were remodelled during the Stuart period, mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance. Whilst the proposal for a roving parliament might seem an outlandish suggestion, it illustrates the benefits of greater devolution in England, with regional assemblies or parliaments with the similar powers to those of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Following a series of high-profile attacks on US embassies elsewhere in the world—including lethal bombings in 1983 outside the Beirut mission, and then in 1998 at embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, during which 220 embassy workers were killed and thousands more injured—US Congress ruled that all embassies must be set back from the street behind a 100-foot “seclusion zone,” and be built within a self-contained site of at least four and a half acres. In the 13th century, during Henry III's reign, the chapel was decorated with such ornamentation as a gold-painted cross, and stained glass windows that depicted the Virgin Mary and the Holy Trinity. This difficulty of location is caused by the concentration of industries such as the arts, media, politics, law, finance and more within London.

A series of Norman victories along the route cut the city's supply lines and in December 1066, isolated and intimidated, its leaders yielded London without a fight. I’m deliberately not giving a star rating for this one, mainly because I feel incapable of reflecting my impressions in so judgmental and concrete a fashion. Edward extended the south side of the Tower of London onto land that had previously been submerged by the River Thames. A few months later, the government issued extraordinary guidance to architects, planners, and developers, specifying that new buildings should be set back from the road by 164 feet, windows should be no larger than 32 square feet, and masonry cladding should be avoided on any building taller than two stories. In terms of the latter, those on low incomes are being shunted into low quality and high-cost private-rented accommodation.He is just one of the millions of people clinging on to the coattails of the capital, sucked in by the prospect of opportunities that the rest of the United Kingdom does not enjoy. The Normans undertook what has been described as "the most extensive and concentrated programme of castle-building in the whole history of feudal Europe".

Victorious at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066, the invading Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, spent the rest of the year securing his holdings by fortifying key positions. Although he is the first recorded prisoner held in the Tower, he was also the first person to escape from it, using a smuggled rope secreted in a butt of wine. Work on the White Tower – which gives the whole castle its name – [12] is usually considered to have begun in 1078, however the exact date is uncertain. Bright repeatedly uses Germany as an example of a high productivity and successfully decentralised country, with powerful and strong regional governments.

The zenith of the castle's use as a prison was the 16th and 17th centuries, when many figures who had fallen into disgrace, such as Elizabeth I before she became queen, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Elizabeth Throckmorton, were held within its walls. As one of the largest keeps in the Christian world, [12] the White Tower has been described as "the most complete eleventh-century palace in Europe". During the early 1990s GDP per capita was 40 per cent less in East Germany compared to the capitalist West. Fitzwalter was still in control of London and the Tower, both of which held out until it was clear that Henry III's supporters would prevail. More recently, there has been increasing conflict over globalisation and the European project, pitting the relatively advantaged classes (favourable to the status quo) against the disadvantaged classes whose legitimate feelings of abandonment have been exploited by parties espousing nationalist and anti-immigrant ideologies.