Ultra Pro 3" X 4" Super Thick 130 pt Toploader with Thick Card Sleeves (50 ct.)

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Heijman J, Voigt N, Nattel S, Dobrev D. Cellular and molecular electrophysiology of atrial fibrillation initiation, maintenance, and progression. Circ Res. 2014; 114(9):S. 1483–S. 1499. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Yu S, Li G, Huang CLH, Lei M, Wu L. Late sodium current associated cardiac electrophysiological and mechanical dysfunction. Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol. 2018; 470(3):S. 461–S. 469. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Nuss HB, Kääb S, Kass DA, Tomaselli GF, Marbán E. Cellular basis of ventricular arrhythmias and abnormal automaticity in heart failure. Am J Phys. 1999; 277(1 Pt 2):H80–H91. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Dobrev D, Ravens U. Remodeling of cardiomyocyte ion channels in human atrial fibrillation. Basic Res Cardiol. 2003; 98(3):S. 137–S. 148. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]

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Kostin S. Zonula occludens-1 and connexin 43 expression in the failing human heart. J Cell Mol Med. 2007; 11(4):S. 892–S. 895. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Chahal AA, Somers VK. Ion channel remodeling-a potential mechanism linking sleep apnea and sudden cardiac death. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016; 5(8):e004195. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]

Eastern Time (ET) is a general term used to describe the areas that observe either the Eastern Standard Time (EST) or Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) in the United States and Canada. ET is not static but switches between EDT and EST. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias are responsible for sudden cardiac death in up to 50% of heart failure patients (Kjekshus 1990). Therefore, implantation of implantable cardioverter defibrillators was shown to improve survival in heart failure collectives (Al-Khatib et al. 2017).

Workman AJ, Kane KA, Rankin AC. Cellular bases for human atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2008; 5(6 Suppl):S. 1–S. 6. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Severs NJ, Bruce AF, Dupont E, Rothery S. Remodelling of gap junctions and connexin expression in diseased myocardium. Cardiovasc Res. 2008; 80(1):S. 9–S.19. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]Patients suffering from high risk for ventricular arrhythmias can be planned for primary prophylactic implantation of an implan.table cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) according to the guidelines (Al-Khatib et al. 2017). Patients that already survived a sudden cardiac death are protected as well with an ICD for secondary prophylaxis. Bhuiyan ZA, van den Berg MP, van Tintelen JP, Bink-Boelkens MT, Wiesfeld AC, Alders M, Postma AV, van Langen I, Mannens MM, Wilde AA. Expanding spectrum of human RYR2-related disease new electrocardiographic, structural, and genetic features. Circulation. 2007; 116(14):S. 1569–S. 1576. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] The ion channel composition of each cardiac cell contributes to the formation of the cardiac action potential that is important for propagation of excitation. In addition, ion channel complexes form the basis for excitation contraction coupling including calcium-induced calcium release and mechanical contraction. Changes in action potential duration and QT interval in LQTS patients not only affect electrical but also mechanical function of the heart, highlighting the role of mechano-electrical dysfunction in channelopathies. Remodeling processes during the development of heart failure increase the susceptibility to arrhythmias. These remodeling processes include changes in ion channel composition, function, and localization as well as histological changes including fibrosis.