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By the late 1980s, some men began to reclaim the term sissy for themselves. [14] The spelling variation cissy was used in British English, at least prior to the mid 1970s. [15] In the United States, the Comedy Central television series South Park inverted its meaning in a 2014 episode titled " The Cissy", which lampooned the controversy over transgender students' use of school restrooms; [16] in the episode, a restroom initially designated for use by transgender students is later re-designated as "the cissy bathroom" for use by transphobic cisgender students. Dalzell, Tom (2009) [1st pub. 1937]. The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English. London, New York: Taylor & Francis. p.885. ISBN 978-0-415-37182-7. OCLC 758181675 . Retrieved 19 March 2017. an effeminate boy or man, especially a homosexual; a coward. US, 1879. Eguchi added, "I wonder how 'sissyphobia' particularly plays into the dynamic of domestic violence processes in the straight-acting and effeminate-acting male same-sex coupling pattern." (p.53). [30] In sexual subcultures [ edit ] Wilkinson, Sue; Kitzinger, Celia (1993-02-08). Heterosexuality: A Feminism & Psychology Reader. SAGE. p.164. ISBN 9781446229576. Taormino, Tristan (2002-08-13). "Still in Diapers". Village Voice. Archived from the original on Aug 31, 2012 . Retrieved 2012-02-10.
Random House Dictionary of the English Language - Second Edition - Unabridged, Random House, New York (1987). ISBN 978-0-3945-0050-8 Elliott, Josh K. (September 3, 2021). "China bans 'sissy' and 'effeminate' men under new macho media rules". Global News. Archived from the original on 15 November 2021 . Retrieved 15 November 2021. In the BDSM practice of forced feminization, the male bottom undergoing cross-dressing may be called a sissy as a form of erotic humiliation, which may elicit guilt and/or sexual arousal. Another common theme is the use of a chastity belt, compounding the male bottom's humiliation by restricting the size and access to their genitals. Oliven, John F. (1974). Clinical sexuality: a manual for the physician and the professions (3rded.). Lippincott. p.110. ISBN 0-397-50329-6.The term sissy has historically been used among school children as a "relentlessly negative" insult, implying immaturity and gender or sexual deviance. [4] It has been identified as sexist in guidance issued to schools in the United Kingdom [5] and described as "just as unacceptable as racist and homophobic language." [6] The terms gender creative, [7] pink boy, [8] and tomgirl [9] have been suggested as polite alternatives. The Japanese word bishōnen (literally "beautiful youth") and the Korean word kkonminam (literally "flower boy") are also polite terms for a man or boy with gentle or feminine attributes. In his The "Sissy Boy Syndrome" and the Development of Homosexuality (1987), the sexologist Richard Green compared two groups of boys: one group was conventionally masculine; the other group, who Green called "feminine boys" and other children called "sissy", engaged in doll play and other behavior typical for girls. [22] In his 15-year longitudinal study, Green looked at cross-gender behavior in boys who later turned out to be transgender, or homosexual as well as a control group, and analyzed such features as interest in sports, playroom toy preferences, doll-play fantasy, physical behavior ("acting like a girl" vs rough-and-tumble play), cross-dressing, and psychological behavior, [22] :21–29 using tests, questionnaires, interviews, and follow-ups. He also looked at the influence of parental relationships [22] :353–369 and reaction to atypical behavior. Later follow-ups found that, ultimately, 3⁄ 4 of the feminine or "sissy" boys developed into gay or bisexual men, whereas only one of the control group did. Analysis of the nature/nurture issue was inconclusive. [22] :385 The World Book Dictionary (1976 Edition), Chicago, IL, Doubleday & Company, Inc., pp. 376 and 1951. ISBN 978-0-5290-5326-8. Sissy is, approximately, the male converse of tomboy (a girl with masculine traits or interests), but carries more strongly negative connotations. Research published in 2015 suggests that the terms are asymmetrical in their power to stigmatize: sissy is almost always pejorative and conveys greater severity, while tomboy rarely causes as much concern but also elicits pressure to conform to social expectations. [2] In some communities, especially ones whose members are prominently part of Generation Z, highly effeminate males are referred to as " femboys" (feminine boy), a term which aims to provide a way to refer to effeminate males without negative connotations. Fellows, Will (2004). A Passion to Preserve: Gay Men as Keepers of Culture. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 280. ISBN 9780299196837 . Retrieved 2012-02-10.
Gregory M. Herek wrote that sissyphobia arises as a combination of misogyny and homophobia. [29] Communication scholar Shinsuke Eguchi (2011) stated: Dixon, Robyn (2019-04-26). "To fight K-pop's influence in China, a club teaches young boys to be alpha males". Los Angeles Times. Beijing . Retrieved 1 July 2019.
The discourse of straight-acting produces and reproduces anti-femininity and homophobia (Clarkson. 2006). For example, feminine gay men are often labeled "fem," "bitchy," "pissy," "sissy," or "queen" (e.g., Christian, 2005; Clarkson, 2006; Payne,2007). They are perceived as if they perform like "women," spurring straight-acting gay men to have negative attitudes toward feminine-acting gay men (Clarkson, 2006; Payne, 2007;Ward, 2000). This is called sissyphobia (Bergling, 2001). Kimmel (1996) supports that "masculinity has been (historically) defined as the flight from women and the repudiation of femininity" (p. 123). Thus, sissyphobia plays as the communication strategy for straight-acting gay men to justify and empower their masculinity. (p. 38). [30] Pronger, B. (1990), The Arena of Masculinity: Sports, Homosexuality, and the Meaning of Sex, New York, St Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312062934 Bailey, Michael (1995). "Gender Identity", The Lives of Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals, p.71–93. New York: Harcourt Brace. a b Grant, J. (2014), The Boy Problem: Educating Boys in Urban America 1870-1970. Johns Hopkins University Press, New York, pp. 143-144. ISBN 978-1-4214-1259-7. Steinmetz, K. (2015). "Everything You Need to Know About the Debate Over Transgender People and Bathrooms". Time.
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