One Hurricane, One Raid

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The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996: Cyclones with 25+ deaths". www.nhc.noaa.gov . Retrieved November 26, 2020. a b c d Jose Fernandez Partagas and Henry F. Diaz (1995). Year 1861 (PDF). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. pp.33–39 . Retrieved November 27, 2020.

Hurricanes are tropical features and require sea temperatures much higher than those around the UK, even in the summer. Hence, hurricanes cannot form at our latitudes. However, we are sometimes affected by deep depressions that were originally hurricanes which have moved to higher latitudes, such as ex-Hurricane Ophelia in 2017. Such depressions are classified as 'ex-hurricanes' or 'extra-tropical cyclones' since they have changed their prime energy source from the warm ocean surface to the clash of warm tropical and cold polar air - a process known as extratropical transition. An ex-hurricane can sometimes still have hurricane strength winds (greater than 73 m.p.h.) even though it is no longer classified as a hurricane. Also, hurricanes have their strongest winds close to their centre whilst the strongest near surface winds in ex-hurricanes can often be far removed from the centre of the depression. A study review article published in 2021 in Nature Geoscience concluded that the geographic range of tropical cyclones will probably expand poleward in response to climate warming of the Hadley circulation. [5] Intensity Rappaport, Edward N; Fernández-Partagás, Jose J (January 1995). NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-47: The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492–1994 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center . Retrieved June 14, 2022. Beven II, John L (January 27, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Pablo (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center . Retrieved June 20, 2022. A climate researcher: Michael Chenoweth has suggested that the following systems were Category 1 hurricane's on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale:

a b David Roth (February 4, 2010). "Texas Hurricane History" (PDF). National Weather Service . Retrieved November 26, 2020. The term 'hurricane' is usually restricted to the Atlantic and north-east Pacific region. In the north-west Pacific they are known as 'typhoons' and elsewhere simply as 'cyclones'. If sustained wind speeds are between 39 m.p.h. and 73 m.p.h. they are known as a 'tropical storms'. Collectively, they are often referred to as 'tropical cyclones'. a b Jose Fernandez-Partagas and Henry Diaz (1996). Year 1897 (PDF). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. pp.57–69 . Retrieved March 1, 2014.

Historically, tropical cyclones have occurred around the world for thousands of years, with one of the earliest tropical cyclones on record estimated to have occurred in Western Australia in around 4000 BC. [3] However, before satellite imagery became available during the 20th century, there was no way to detect a tropical cyclone unless it impacted land or a ship encountered it by chance. [4]a b Jose Fernandez Partagas and Henry F. Diaz (1995). Year 1859 (PDF). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved November 26, 2020.

Berg, Robbie (January 25, 2023). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Danielle (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved March 5, 2023. Yucatán Peninsula, western Cuba, Florida Panhandle, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, Atlantic Canada Within this area of low pressure the air is heated over the warm tropical ocean. This air rises in discrete parcels, causing thundery showers to form. These showers usually come and go, but from time to time, they group together into large clusters of thunderstorms. This creates a flow of very warm, moist, rapidly rising air, leading to the development of a centre of low pressure, or depression, at the surface. MARINE INTELLIGENCE.; Cleared. Arrived. (Published 1862)". The New York Times. October 31, 1862. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved December 1, 2020.Beven, John; Alaka, Laura (March 17, 2023). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Nicole (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved March 17, 2023. Vertical wind shear negatively affects tropical cyclone intensification by displacing moisture and heat from a system's center. [20] Low levels of vertical wind shear are most optimal for strengthening, while stronger wind shear induces weakening. [21] [22] Dry air entraining into a tropical cyclone's core has a negative effect on its development and intensity by diminishing atmospheric convection and introducing asymmetries in the storm's structure. [23] [24] [25] Symmetric, strong outflow leads to a faster rate of intensification than observed in other systems by mitigating local wind shear. [26] [27] [28] Weakening outflow is associated with the weakening of rainbands within a tropical cyclone. [29]

Hurricane GAMMA Advisory Archive". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center . Retrieved April 22, 2021. a b Jose Fernandez-Partagas (1996). Year 1892 (PDF). Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved August 31, 2015.Seven fishermen killed by Hurricane Fred". Jamaica Observer. Kingston, Jamaica. Agence France-Presse. September 4, 2015. Archived from the original on May 28, 2020 . Retrieved September 4, 2015. An average of 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm intensity form annually worldwide. Of those, 47 reach strength higher than 119km/h (74mph), and 20 become intense tropical cyclones (at least Category3 intensity on the Saffir–Simpson scale). [41] Zelinsky, David A (January 30, 2019). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Isaac (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center . Retrieved June 20, 2022.