Triflora Contemporary Black Nickel Festive Reindeer Ornament

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a b c "Designatable Units for Caribou ( Rangifer tarandus) in Canada" (PDF), COSEWIC, Ottawa, Ontario: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, p.88, 2011, archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2017 , retrieved 18 December 2013 summers in the northern Yukon mountains and the coastal plains; winters in the boreal forests of Alaska and the Yukon COSEWIC (2014). COSEWIC assessment and status report on the caribou Rangifer tarandus, Northern Mountain population, Central Mountain population and Southern Mountain population in Canada (PDF) (Report). Ottawa, Ontario: Committee on Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). Reindeer have developed adaptations for optimal metabolic efficiency during warm months as well as for during cold months. [155] The body composition of reindeer varies highly with the seasons. Of particular interest is the body composition and diet of breeding and non-breeding females between the seasons. Breeding females have more body mass than non-breeding females between the months of March and September with a difference of around 10kg (22lb) more than non-breeding females. From November to December, non-breeding females have more body mass than breeding females, as non-breeding females are able to focus their energies towards storage during colder months rather than lactation and reproduction. Body masses of both breeding and non-breeding females peaks in September. During the months of March through April, breeding females have more fat mass than the non-breeding females with a difference of almost 3kg (6.6lb). After this, however, non-breeding females on average have a higher body fat mass than do breeding females. [156]

Humans started hunting reindeer in both the Mesolithic and Neolithic Periods, and humans are today the main predator in many areas. Norway and Greenland have unbroken traditions of hunting wild reindeer from the Last Glacial Period until the present day. In the non-forested mountains of central Norway, such as Jotunheimen, it is still possible to find remains of stone-built trapping pits, guiding fences and bow rests, built especially for hunting reindeer. These can, with some certainty, be dated to the Migration Period, although it is not unlikely that they have been in use since the Stone Age. Surprisingly, a large reindeer herds can be also be found in the Cotswolds. With 21 reindeer, the Cotswold Reindeer Herd opened its gates to visitors in November 2017 for the Christmas season. Booking required. www.cotswoldreindeerherd.co.uk When were reindeer first associated with Christmas?In Eurasia, the Sakhalin reindeer is extinct (and has been replaced by domestic reindeer) and reindeer on most of the Novaya Zemlya islands have also been replaced by domestic reindeer, although some wild reindeer still persist on the northern islands. [24] Many Siberian tundra reindeer herds have declined, some dangerously, but the Taymir herd remains strong and in total about 940,000 wild Siberian tundra reindeer were estimated in 2010. [17] Reindeer are also called tuttu by the Greenlandic Inuit [48] and hreindýr, sometimes rein, by the Icelanders. Reindeer are good swimmers and, in one case, the entire body of a reindeer was found in the stomach of a Greenland shark ( Somniosus microcephalus), a species found in the far North Atlantic. [194] Other threats [ edit ] a b c Peter Gravlund; Morten Meldgaard; Svante Pääbo & Peter Arctander (1998). "Polyphyletic Origin of the Small-Bodied, High-Arctic Subspecies of Tundra Reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 10 (2): 151–159. doi: 10.1006/mpev.1998.0525. PMID 9878226.

In 2002, the Atlantic-Gaspésie population DU11 of the boreal woodland caribou was designated as Endangered by COSEWIC. The small isolated population of 200 animals was at risk from predation and habitat loss. Currently, many reindeer herders are heavily dependent on diesel fuel to provide for electric generators and snowmobile transportation, although solar photovoltaic systems can be used to reduce diesel dependency. [234] According to Olaus Magnus's Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus – printed in Rome in the year 1555 – Gustav I of Sweden sent 10 reindeer to Albert, Duke of Prussia, in the year 1533. It may be these animals that Conrad Gessner had seen or heard of.

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A variety of predators prey heavily on reindeer, including overhunting by people in some areas, which contributes to the decline of populations. [131] These advances in Rangifer genetics were brought together with previous morphological-based descriptions, ecology, behavior and archaeology to propose a new revision of the genus. [9] Species and subspecies [ edit ] Extant species and subspecies of Rangifer Species Reindeer/caribou ( Rangifer) are in the subfamily Odocoileinae, along with roe deer ( Capreolus), Eurasian elk/moose ( Alces), and water deer ( Hydropotes). These antlered cervids split from the horned ruminants Bos (cattle and yaks), Ovis (sheep) and Capra (goats) about 36 million years ago. [49] The Eurasian clade of Odocoileinae (Capreolini, Hydropotini and Alcini) split from the New World tribes of Capreolinae (Odocoileini and Rangiferini) in the Late Miocene, 8.7–9.6 million years ago. [50] Rangifer “evolved as a mountain deer, ...exploiting the subalpine and alpine meadows...”. [14] Rangifer originated in the Late Pliocene and diversified in the Early Pleistocene, a 2+ million-year period of multiple glacier advances and retreats. Several named Rangifer fossils in Eurasia and North America predate the evolution of modern tundra reindeer.

Male ("bull") and female ("cow") reindeer can grow antlers annually, although the proportion of females that grow antlers varies greatly between populations. [7] Antlers are typically larger on males. Antler architecture varies by species and subspecies and, together with pelage differences, can often be used to distinguish between species and subspecies (see illustrations in Geist, 1991 [13] and Geist, 1998). [14] Status [ edit ] Originally, the reindeer was found in Scandinavia, Eastern Europe, Greenland, Russia, Mongolia and northern China north of the 50th latitude. In North America, it was found in Canada, Alaska, and the northern contiguous United States from Maine to Washington. In the 19th century, it was still present in southern Idaho. [2] Even in historical times, it probably occurred naturally in Ireland, and it is believed to have lived in Scotland until the 12th century, when the last reindeer were hunted in Orkney. [169] During the Late Pleistocene Epoch, reindeer occurred further south in North America, such as in Nevada, Tennessee, and Alabama, [170] and as far south as Spain in Europe. [162] [171] Today, wild reindeer have disappeared from these areas, especially from the southern parts, where it vanished almost everywhere. Large populations of wild reindeer are still found in Norway, Finland, Siberia, Greenland, Alaska and Canada. The reindeer has large feet with crescent-shaped cloven hooves for walking in snow or swamps. According to the Species at Risk Public Registry ( SARA), woodland [131] There is an ox shaped like a stag. In the middle of its forehead a single horn grows between its ears, taller and straighter than the animal horns with which we are familiar. At the top this horn spreads out like the palm of a hand or the branches of a tree. The females are of the same form as the males, and their horns are the same shape and size.The table above includes, as per the recent revision, R. t. caboti (the Labrador caribou (the Eastern Migratory population DU4)), and R. t. terranovae (the Newfoundland caribou (the Newfoundland population DU5)), which molecular analyses have shown to be of North American (i.e., woodland caribou) lineage; [81] and four mountain ecotypes now known to be of distant Beringia-Eurasia lineage (see Taxonomy above). [81] [5] [63] Two municipalities in Finland have reindeer motifs in their coats-of-arms: Kuusamo has a running reindeer; [244] and Inari has a fish with reindeer antlers. [245] See also [ edit ] a b Russell, D.E.; Gunn, A. (20 November 2013). "Migratory Tundra Rangifer". In Jeffries, M. O.; Richter-Menge, J. A.; Overland, J. E. (eds.). Arctic Report Card 2013 (PDF). NOAA Arctic Research Program. pp.96–101. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2022 . Retrieved 16 November 2022. The Sakhalin reindeer ( R. t. setoni), endemic to Sakhalin, was described as Rangifer tarandus setoni Flerov, 1933, but Banfield (1961) brought it under R. t. fennicus as a junior synonym. The wild reindeer on the island are apparently extinct, having been replaced by domestic reindeer.