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Saint Margaret and the Dragon Book of Hours, p. 132 French, c. 1480 Illuminated Manuscript, image 1/ x13/4 (4.13 x 4.45 cm) Phillip S. Collins Collection 45–65–15. Darek Isaacs. Dragons Or Dinosaurs?: Creation or Evolution? Alachua: Bridge Logos Foundation, 2010. 41.
J Luterbacher, J P Werner, J E Smerdon, L. Fernandez-Donado, F J Gonzalez-Rouco, D Barriopedro, F C Ljungqvist, U Buntgen, E. Zoria, S. Wagner, J. Esper, D. McCarroll, A. Toreti, D. Frank, J.H. Junglaus, M. Barriendos, C. Bertolin, O. Bothe, R. Brazdil, D. Camuffo, P. Dobrovolny, M. Gagen, E. Garcia- Bustamante, Q. Ge, J.J. Gomez-Navarro, J. Guiot, Z. Hao,G.C. Hegerl, K. Holmgren, V.V. Klimenko, J. Martin-Chivelet, C. Pfister, N. Roberts, A. Schindler, A. Shurer, O. Solomina, L. von Gunten, E. Wahl, H. Wanner, O. Wetter, E. Xoplaki, N. Yuan, D. Zanchettin, H. Zhang, and C. Zerefos. “European Summer Temperatures since Roman Times .” Environmental Research Letters 11, no. 2. (2016) Notes The most popular mythological creature in the human imagination, dragons have provoked fear and fascination for their lethal venom and crushing coils, and as avatars of the Antichrist, servants of Satan, couriers of the damned to Hell, portents of disaster, and harbingers of the last days. Here are accounts spanning millennia and continents of these monsters that mark the boundary between the known and the unknown, including: their origins in the deserts of Africa; their struggles with their mortal enemies, elephants, in the jungles of South Asia; their fear of lightning; the world’s first dragon slayer, in an ancient collection of Sanskrit hymns; the colossal sea monster Leviathan; the seven-headed “great red dragon” of the Book of Revelation; the Loch Ness monster; the dragon in Beowulf, who inspired Smaug in Tolkien’s The Hobbit; the dragons in the prophecies of the wizard Merlin; a dragon saved from a centipede in Japan who gifts his human savior a magical bag of rice; the supernatural feathered serpent of ancient Mesoamerica; and a flatulent dragon the size of the Trojan Horse. From the dark halls of the Lonely Mountain to the blue skies of Westeros, we expect dragons to be gigantic, reptilian predators with massive, bat-like wings, who wreak havoc defending the gold they have hoarded in the deep places of the earth. But dragons are full of surprises, as is this book. Discours sur les Révolutions de la Surface du Globe: et sur les Changements qu'elles ont Produits dans le Règne Animal Owen, Richard. Geology and Inhabitants of the Ancient World. (London: Euston Grove Press 2010): 11.Scholarly and thrilling. By collecting some of the foundational―and also most surprising―historical sources on these guardians of the ‘boundary between the known and unknown,’ Scott Bruce has created the new indispensableresource for anyone who cares about dragons.”― Adam Gidwitz, New York Times bestselling author of A Tale Dark and Grimm and The Inquisitor’s Tale Noted geologists and popular science writers crafted engaging narratives about our newly discovered past, sharing and debating controversial ideas like extinction and an earth once dominated by reptiles. McRae, Michael and Model, Bobby. “Have You Seen This Croc?” National Geographic 7, no.2 (March 2005): 74–90. John Anderson, George Boulenger and William de Winton. Zoology of Egypt. London: Quaritch Publishing, 1898. Delightful . . . An engaging way to immerse yourself in the world of dragons. Each section is a short trip to a different land and time period, providing a fascinating blend of fantasy and history. . . . We learn about dragons, certainly, but also much about ourselves.”― ImaginAtlas
Saint George’s Cathedral in Barcelona depicts the famous dragonslayer encountering a dragon that bears much resemblance to a crocodile. Photo by Antonio Sadurni. Louise W. Lippincott. “The Unnatural History of Dragons ” Philadelphia Museum of Art Bulletin 77, no. 334. 1981. 4. Jose Luis Rodriguez Plasencia, “El Lagarto de Calzadilla y otras Historias de Lagartos.” Revista de Folklore 321, 2007. 101.
Louise W. Lippincott. “The Unnatural History of Dragons” Philadelphia Museum of Art Bulletin 77, no. 334. 1981. 4.
Edwards, Ruth B., Kadmos the Phoenician: A Study in Greek Legends and the Mycenean Age. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1979. Iron pyrite is a common mineral composed of iron and sulphide (FeS2) and when exposed to humidity, the sulphide component oxidizes to form, amongst other things, sulphuric acid which can break down the matrix of a fossil. Juan Eslava Galan and Rafael Ortega y Sagrista. El Lagarto de la Malena y los Mitos del Dragon. Granada: University of Granada, 1991. 7. McGowan-Hartman, John. “Shadow of the Dragon: The Convergence of Myth and Science in the Nineteenth Century Paleontological Imagery.” Journal of Social History 47, no. 1 (September 2013): 47–70.Two thousand years of legend and lore about the menace and majesty of dragons, which have breathed fire into our imaginations from ancient Rome to Game of Thrones Smith, Helena. “World’s Greatest Crocodile Hunters Fails to Catch ‘Sifis’ Crete’s Fugitive Reptile.” The Guardian. September 2, 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/02/crocodile-hunter-olivier-behra-fails-catch-sifis-crete-rethymnon Despite the logical thesis presented in this paper there are numerous descriptions of dragons that resemble no creature either living or extinct. The subject of dragons is infinitely interpretable. For whatever reason for at least 4,000 years a creature that did not exist was not only considered to exist but was featured prominently in taxonomy. This is where a lesson of mankind is learned, from an origin grows a myth. Truth is turned to fiction and fiction becomes truth. The number of naturalists and historians who describe encounters with dragons pre-eighteenth century is astonishing. Reliable and noted individuals who by in large report truth record witnessing dragons with their own eyes. These are not crocodilian dragons being described, but dinosaur like creatures. Roman senators, Greek aristocrats and renowned scientists all claim to have had eye witness encounters with gigantic dragons, which they effectively describe as living dinosaurs. What drove honest scrupulous men to lie, and why were they driven to lie only when it concerned dragons? Some radical Christian theorists believe this be evidence that dinosaurs and humans co-existed and that their extinction was surprisingly recent. There is however no paleontological evidence to support this theory. What is more probable is that these naturalists were passing off local stories as their own encounters, unaware that they were nothing more than local folklore. This folklore inspired by the surprisingly accurate description of the dinosaur fossils found by the locals. The consequence was that Europe’s best and brightest were stating unequivocally that dragons were a real creature, which only further cemented European belief that great reptilian beasts were still roaming the world. Hawkins' Ichthyosaurus chiropolyostinus which was excavated in the autumn of 1833, from T Hawkins, 'Memoirs of Ichthyosauri and Plesiosauri, extinct monsters of the ancient earth...', (1834). GSL Library collections Polo, Marco, and R. E. Latham. The Travels of Marco Polo. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1958.
In this report The Origin of the Dragon, this research seeks to answer how humanity from the dawn of civilization to the beginning of the modern period believed dragons were not a fantasy but a real animal. The paper will examine what a dragon was according to medieval Europeans, and with this definition seek to find plausibility within certain dragon legends. The report will explore ancient knowledge of dinosaurs as well as European encounters with the last of the ruling reptiles, the archosaurian crocodile. It examines the early scientific understanding of dragons, and how this understanding grew into the modern depiction of dinosaurs. Our study will provide a wealth of material with written primary source evidence from the Ancient Greek period to the mid-19th century with a specific focus on evidence from the Mediterranean to prove the thesis, that dragons were in fact simply a remedial understanding of archosaurians. if Mr Hawkins has set the last specimen if Icht platydon as it lay in the cliff it will be a most magnificent specimen, but he is schuch an enthusiast that he makes things as he images the[y] ought to be; and not as they are really found, the platydon that I in part gave him was to large for my poverty & I would have not have trusted to his making up, though very much broken it might be made a splendid thing without any addition.”Extract from letter fromMary Anning to Charlotte Murchison, 11 October [?1833]. Archive ref: LDGSL/838/A/7/3. Heleni Palaiologou. “Minoan Dragons on a Sealstone From Mycenae.” Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 63. 1994. 191. John McGowan-Hartman, “Shadow of the Dragon: The Convergence of Myth and Science in Nineteenth Century Paleontological Imagery.” Journal of Social History 47, no. 1 (September, 2013): 54 The deeply eccentric Thomas Hawkins (1810-1889, GSLMembership no.932) is best known today for his extraordinary collection of ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs which are now held by the Natural History Museum. Most were excavated from quarries in Street, Somerset, but included in the collection were a number of specimens associated with Mary Anning.Magán, Pascuala Morote. “Las leyendas y su valor didáctico.” In XL Congreso, vol. 400. 2016. 393. (391–403) Hamish Campbell. “Crocodiles Ride Ocean Currents to Travel the High Seas.” University of Queensland News, June 2010 . https://www.uq.edu.au/news/article/2010/06/crocodiles-ride-ocean-currents-travel-high-seas Perhaps the first prehistoric scene ever made was this painting of the Lyme Regis region in the Jurassic era. It featured Mary Anning’s prize finds, a plesiosaur and an ichthyosaur, in a pitched battle. The artist, geologist and paleontologist Henry De la Beche, had it reproduced as a lithograph by artist George Scharf and sold the prints to help support Anning. Accompanying Miss Anning the next morning on the beach, she pointed out to me the place whence it was brought. Persuaded that the other portion of the skeleton must be there, I advised its extraction, if it were possible, but Miss Anning had so little faith in my opinion, that she assured me I was at liberty to examine its propriety or otherwise myself. Hereupon I waited upon Mr Edwards, the owner of the land, and requested permission to throw down as much of the cliff as was necessary for such intention, which he very handsomely allowed me to do."FromThomas Hawkins, 'Memoirs of Ichthyosauri and Plesiosauri, extinct monsters of the ancient earth...', (1834).
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