Toyama Koshihikari Japanese Rice 5 kg

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Mauch-Mani B, Slusarenko AJ. Production of salicylic acid precursors is a major function of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in the resistance of Arabidopsis to Peronospora parasitica. Plant Cell. 1996;8(2):203–12. https://doi.org/10.2307/3870265. Rice sheath blight, caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn (teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris), is one of the most severe diseases in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) worldwide. Studies on resistance genes and resistance mechanisms of rice sheath blight have mainly focused on indica rice. Rice sheath blight is a growing threat to rice production with the increasing planting area of japonica rice in Northeast China, and it is therefore essential to explore the mechanism of sheath blight resistance in this rice subspecies. Results Shennong 9819, a japonica rice cultivar from the Rice Research Institute of Shenyang Agricultural University (Shenyang, China), is a rice cultivar resistant to rice sheath blight. Resistance was identified by the Rice Disease Research Office of the Shenyang Agricultural University (Shenyang, China) [ 19]. Shen H, Liu C, Zhang Y, Meng X, Zhou X, Chu C, et al. OsWRKY30 is activated by MAP kinases to confer drought tolerance in rice. Plant Mol Biol. 2012;80(3):241–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-012-9941-y. Dixon RA, Achnine L, Kota P, Liu C, Reddy MSS, Wang L. The phenylpropanoid pathway and plant defence- a genomics perspective. Mol Plant Pathol. 2002;3(5):371–90. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1364-3703.2002.00131.x.

Reichert AI, He XZ, Dixon RA. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) from tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum): characterization of the four tobacco PAL genes and active heterotetrameric enzymes. Biochem J. 2009;424(2):233–42. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20090620.

Lu, C. et al. Producing cadmium-free Indica rice by overexpressing OsHMA3. Environ. Int. 126, 619–626 (2019). Wang T, Li C, Wu Z, Jia Y, Wang H, Sun S, et al. Abscisic acid regulates auxin homeostasis in rice root tips to promote root hair elongation. Front Plant Sci. 2017;8:1121. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01121. Located on the northwest coast of Honshu, Yamagata Prefecture is home to a more modern cultivar known as Tsuyahime . The mountainous region is known for cool, snowy winters and hot humid summers. As you may have understood by now, water is a huge factor in the quality, flavor, and texture of rice; Tsuyahime is a perfect example of this. The rich and nourishing waters from Yamagata’s beech tree forest give this rice the unique texture, flavor and hardiness it is known for today. Koshihikari was first created in 1956 by combining 2 different strains of Nourin No.1 and Nourin No.22 at the Fukui Prefectural Agricultural Research Facility. It is one of the most highly grown varieties of rice in Japan [1] and is exported to other countries as a premium product. [2] Zhang J, Chen L, Fu C, Wang L, Liu H, Cheng Y, et al. Comparative transcriptome analyses of gene expression changes triggered by Rhizoctonia solani AG1 IA infection in resistant and susceptible rice varieties. Front Plant Sci. 2017;8:1422. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01422.

Niigata Prefecture began developing a group of varieties that improved Koshihikari for rice blast resistance in 1986, and registered Koshihikari Niigata BL No. 1 to No. 3 in 2000 and Koshihikari Niigata BL No. 4 in 2002, with production starting in 2005. [5] Under the Plant Variety Protection and Seed Act ( ja), these varieties and seed names are registered as Koshihikari Niigata BL, but as milled product names they are marketed simply as Koshihikari. [6] Pertea M, Pertea GM, Antonescu CM, Chang TC, Mendell JT, Salzberg SL. StringTie enables improved reconstruction of a transcriptome from RNA-seq reads. Nat Biotechnol. 2015;33(3):290–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3122. Ueno, D. et al. Gene limiting cadmium accumulation in rice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 16500–16505 (2010). Impart a more savoury flavour by adding a small sheet of kombu (dried seaweed) to the rice while it cooks, or sub in some quinoa or other grains for rice once you become familiar with the cooking technique. With the rapid development of molecular biology techniques and the wide application of various omics technology in the interaction between plants and pathogens, the identification of rice sheath blight resistance genes and the interaction mechanism between sheath blight pathogen and rice are becoming increasingly deep. Chitinases are the members of PR proteins responsible for the hydrolysis of chitin, a structural polysaccharide of the cell wall of many pathogens. Overexpression of the chitinase gene CHI11 enhanced resistance to rice sheath blight [ 22, 23]. OsOSM1, a gene mainly expressed in the leaf sheath at the booting stage in rice, encodes an osmotin protein belonging to the pathogenesis-related protein 5 family. Overexpression of this gene can enhance the resistance of rice to sheath blight [ 24]. Plant polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) is a structural protein that specifically recognise and bind to fungal polygalacturonase (PG). PGIP plays an important role in antifungal activity in plants. Overexpression of PGIP-related genes such as ZmPGIP3, OsPGIP1, and OsPGIP2 increases resistance to rice sheath blight in rice [ 25, 26, 27]. Lignin deposition can enhance plant cell walls against pathogens and provide structural barriers for pathogen infection [ 28]. Overexpression of the lignin-related gene OsPAL4 increases resistance to rice sheath blight [ 29]. OsWRKY4 is an important positive regulatory factor in the interaction between rice and pathogens. It participates in the defence response of rice sheath blight through the jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET)-dependent signalling pathway [ 30].Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food in Japan. It was introduced into Japan from China’s Yangtze river basin and downstream catchments about 2000 to 3000 years ago, and it has been cultivated throughout the country ever since (reviewed by Matsuo 1997, Tanaka et al. 2010). Cross-breeding of rice started in 1921 in Japan, and thousands of cultivars ha Wang R, Lu L, Pan X, Hu Z, Ling F, Yan Y, et al. Functional analysis of OsPGIP1 in rice sheath blight resistance. Plant Mol Biol Rep. 2015;87:181–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-014-0269-7. Koshihikari (a cultivar of Japonica) has a medium grain and sweetish, nutty flavour. It's widely grown in Japan as well as in the US, Italy and Australia, and mostly likely the rice that’s easily available. Kondrashov, F. A. Gene duplication as a mechanism of genomic adaptation to a changing environment. Proc. R. Soc. B 279, 5048–5057 (2012).