LE BIOETHANOL DE SECONDE GENERATION. LA PRODUCTION D'ETHANOL A PARTIR DE BIOMASSE LIGNOCELLULOSIQUE: La production d'éthanol à partir de biomasse lignocellulosique

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Many crops are of interest for their ability to provide high yields of biomass . Some can be harvested multiple times each year. These include poplar trees and Miscanthus giganteus. The premier energy crop is sugarcane, which is a source of the readily fermentable sucrose and the lignocellulosic by-product bagasse.

a b Wyman, Charles E.; Dale, Bruce E.; Elander, Richard T.; Holtzapple, Mark; Ladisch, Michael R.; Lee, Y. Y. (2005-12-01). "Coordinated development of leading biomass pretreatment technologies". Bioresource Technology. 96 (18): 1959–1966. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.01.010. ISSN 0960-8524. PMID 16112483. The communication of the Commission of 20 July 2016 entitled ‘A European Strategy for Low-Emission Mobility’, highlighted the particular importance, in the medium term, of advanced biofuels and renewable liquid and gaseous fuels of non-biological origin for aviation. The study was carried out within the Cofre de Perote National Park (19° 31.908′ N; 97° 09. 246′ W), in the locality named Ejido El Conejo, in the municipality of Perote, Veracruz, Mexico. The climate is cool temperate subhumid, with a temperature range between −5 and 22 °C and a summer rainfall regime of 1200–1500 mm [ 2, 32]. In the study area, there are no weather stations. We were able to place dataloggers HOBO U23 Pro v2 (Onset Technologies) to register temperature and relative humidity (RH) only at three places across the AG (3000, 3250 and 3500 masl), and data collection was carried out during almost 15 months. With datalogger information of relative humidity and temperature, the other altitudes were estimated through linear equations. Field sampling It is necessary to provide for transparent and unambiguous rules for calculating the share of energy from renewable sources and for defining those sources.

To create opportunities for reducing the cost of meeting the Union target laid down in this Directive and to give flexibility to Member States to comply with their obligation not to fall below their 2020 national targets after 2020, it is appropriate both to facilitate the consumption in Member States of energy produced from renewable sources in other Member States, and to enable Member States to count energy from renewable sources consumed in other Member States towards their own renewable energy share. For that reason, the Commission should put in place a Union renewable development platform (‘URDP’), enabling trading renewable energy shares between Member States, in addition to bilateral cooperation agreements. The URDP is intended to complement the voluntary opening of support schemes to projects located in other Member States. The agreements between Member States include statistical transfers, joint projects between Member States or joint support schemes. Barbara A. Tokay "Biomass Chemicals" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi: 10.1002/14356007.a04_099

Carroll, Andrew; Somerville, Chris (June 2009). "Cellulosic Biofuels". Annual Review of Plant Biology. 60 (1): 165–182. doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.092125. PMID 19014348. Hoch G (2007) Cell wall hemicelluloses as mobile carbon stores in non-reproductive plant tissues. Funct Ecol 21:823–834 Hemicellulose Lignine Cellulose Bioéthanol : le contexte (4) Les polymères pariétaux de la biomasse lignocellulosique Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science (June 2006). "Breaking the Biological Barriers to Cellulosic Ethanol: A Joint Research Agenda. Report from the December 2005 Workshop" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-07 . Retrieved 2008-01-19. In its resolutions of 5 February 2014 entitled ‘A 2030 framework for climate and energy policies’ and of 23 June 2016 entitled ‘The renewable energy progress report’, the European Parliament went further than the Commission proposal or the European Council conclusions, stressing that, in light of the Paris Agreement and the recent renewable technology cost reductions, it was desirable to be significantly more ambitious.

Dedicated energy crops [ edit ] Miscanthus is a so-called energy crop, being highly efficient (fast-growing) at turning solar radiation into biomass Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel World USA Bioéthanol: le contexte (2) Vehicle Fuel demand: unbalance in favour of diesel oil ... in EU • La taille de ce cinquième niveau est étudiée pour servir éventuellement de légende aux photos. Diesel oil Mtons Gasoline Source: Petroleum Economics Ltd Une demande en essence toujours forte au niveau mondial Séminaire Agrocarburants et développement durable – Grenoble, 28-29/01/2008Environmental factors such as temperature, rainfall and soil components tend to vary across an altitudinal gradient (AG) [ 13, 14]. The effects of altitude on plants have been studied using an altitudinal gradient [ 15, 16]. In recent years, the relationship between altitude and plant development across an AG has been the focus of many ecological studies [ 17– 22]. However, few of these studies have looked at the influence of altitudinal variation on the composition of the LB from different anatomic parts of trees. Richardson reported that lignin and cellulose in leaves of Picea rubens and Abies balsamea diminished abruptly with an increase in altitude, as opposed to hemicellulose [ 23]. Similarly, Genet et al. studied the cell wall of Abies georgei roots and found a decrease in the holocellulose (cellulose and hemicellulose) at higher altitudes [ 24]. Therefore, the AG may have an effect on the anatomic structure and the physical and chemical properties of wood and, consequently, on its quality [ 25]. The study of the possible effects of altitudinal variation on the LB of wood will lead to understand the response patterns of lignocellulosic materials. Poletto M, Zattera AJ, Santana RMC (2012) Structural differences between wood species: evidence from chemical composition, FTIR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. J Appl Polym Sci 126:E337–E344 Chen C, Luo J, Qin W, Tong Z (2014) Elemental analysis, chemical composition, cellulose crystallinity, and FT-IR spectra of Toona sinensis wood. Monatsh Chem 145:175–185 Lupoi JS, Singh S, Parthasarathi R, Simmonsa BA, Henry RJ (2015) Recent innovations in analytical methods for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of lignin. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 49:871–906

Lupoi JS, Singh S, Simmons BA, Henry RJ (2013) Assessment of lignocellulosic biomass using analytical spectroscopy: an evolution to high-throughput techniques. Bioenergy Res 7:1–23 Lignocellulosic biomass can be broadly classified as virgin biomass, waste biomass, and energy crops. Virgin biomass includes plants. Waste biomass is produced as a low value byproduct of various industrial sectors such as agriculture ( corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, straw etc.) and forestry ( saw mill and paper mill discards). Energy crops are crops with a high yield of lignocellulosic biomass produced as a raw material for the production of second-generation biofuel; examples include switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum) and Elephant grass. The biofuels generated from these energy crops are sources of sustainable energy. [7] [8] Chemical composition [ edit ] Xylan is one form of hemicellulose found in hardwood. [9] The coherence between the objectives of this Directive and the Union's other environmental law should be ensured. In particular, during assessment, planning or licensing procedures for renewable energy installations, Member States should take account of all Union environmental law and the contribution made by energy from renewable sources towards meeting environmental and climate change objectives, in particular when compared to non-renewable energy installations. This is the first known report on the FTIR spectrum of wood of A. religiosa. It is very similar to the spectra reported for woods from the Abies genus as expected [ 59– 61]. Otherwise, the region in spectrum with the highest variation along the altitudinal gradient is in the range of 1640–1760 cm −1 (Fig. 2), which comprises two bands: 1660 and 1735 cm −1, both assigned to carbonyl functional groups. The first band is related to lignin carbonyls, while the second is assigned to lignin and hemicellulose [ 39, 44]. Changes in these carbonyl bands from wood samples are related to chemical variations mainly from lignin, as reported in another studies [ 59, 62– 64]. Renewable energy sources represent the potential fuel alternatives to overcome the global energy crises in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner. In future, biofuels may replenish the conventional non-renewable energy resources due to their renewability and several other advantages. Lignocellulosic biomass offers the most economical biomass to generate biofuels. However, extensive research is required for the commercial production of an efficient integrated biotransformation process for the production of lignocellulose mediated biofuels.Brandt A, Gräsvik J, Hallett JP, Welton T (2013) Deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass with ionic liquids. Green Chem 15:550–583