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Higham, T; Compton, T; Stringer, C; Jacobi, R; Shapiro, B; Trinkaus, E; Chandler, B; Groening, F; Collins, C; Hillson, S; O'Higgins, P; FitzGerald, C; Fagan, M (2011), "The earliest evidence for anatomically modern humans in northwestern Europe", Nature, 479 (7374): 521–524, Bibcode: 2011Natur.479..521H, doi: 10.1038/nature10484, PMID 22048314, S2CID 4374023 Scottish Archaeological Research Framework ( ScARF), Highland Framework, Early Medieval (accessed May 2022).

J. Walker, V. Gaffney, S. Fitch, M. Muru, A. Fraser, M. Bates and R. Bates (2020). "A great wave: the Storegga tsunami and the end of Doggerland?". Antiquity. 94 (378): 1409–1425. doi: 10.15184/aqy.2020.49. S2CID 229168218. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) Pollen analysis shows that woodland was decreasing and grassland increasing, with a major decline of elms. The winters were typically 3 degrees colder than at present but the summers some 2.5 degrees warmer. [ citation needed] a b Ó Corráin, Donnchadh (1 November 2001). R F Foster (ed.). The Oxford History of Ireland. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280202-X. Lily’s map is believed to be the first printed map of the British Isles. 6. Anglia and Hibernia by Sebastian Munster – 1550 According to BBC News, the map also shows Iron Age and Roman farms in Yorkshire. Experts identified the ruins after spotting “cropmarks”—patterns formed in fields when crops are affected by buried archaeological features—during an aerial survey in 2006.Miles, David. 2016. "The Tale of the Axe: How the Neolithic Revolution Transformed Britain". London Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0-500-05186-3 The Romans considered Anglesey, or Mona as they and the locals at the time called it, as a stronghold of the Druids. One of these smaller tribal groups that lived around Dorchester, buried their dead in inhumation cemeteries.

Thirty years or so after the time of the Roman departure, the Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxons began a migration to the south-eastern coast of Britain, where they began to establish their own kingdoms, and the Gaelic-speaking Scots migrated from Dál nAraidi (modern Northern Ireland) did the same on the west coast of Scotland and the Isle of Man. [27] [28] Pryor, Francis. 1999. Farmers in Prehistoric Britain. Stroud, Gloucestershire and Charleston, SC: Tempus. ISBN 0-7524-1477-1 This is an exciting moment in the 5,000-year history of this special estate,” says archaeologist Mark Newman in a National Trust statement. “... All these discoveries will be investigated further to ensure none are impacted by the upcoming planting plans and to preserve their archaeology for future study.” Celtic Britain was made up of many territories controlled by Brittonic tribes. They are generally believed to have dwelt throughout the whole island of Great Britain, at least as far north as the Clyde– Forth isthmus. The territory north of this was largely inhabited by the Picts; little direct evidence has been left of the Pictish language, but place names and Pictish personal names recorded in the later Irish annals suggest it was indeed related to the Common Brittonic language. [15] Their Goidelic (Gaelic) name, Cruithne, is cognate with Pritenī.Paris was a Benedictine monk who was well known in 13th century England for writing and illustrating several manuscripts including a number of maps. This particular image of Britain features around 250 named towns. 3. The Gough map – 14th century However, in prehistory Wales, England and Scotland did not exist in anyway as distinctive entities in the ways they have done so for the last 1000 years.

The Votadini, like the Brigantes, were a group made up of smaller tribes, unfortunately the names of these smaller tribes and communities remain unknown. Pryor, Francis. 2003. Britain BC: Life in Britain and Ireland before the Romans. London, Harper-Collins. ISBN 0-00-712692-1 The ruler of the area was King Cogidubnus, who started the great palace at Fishbourne, outside Chichester, after the Conquest.The roads' impermeable design permitted travel in all seasons and weather. Following the w Pattison, John E. (2011) "Integration versus Apartheid in post-Roman Britain: a Response to Thomas et al. (2008)", Human Biology, Vol. 83: Iss. 6, Article 9. pp. 715–733. They include the Setanti in Lancashire , the Lopocares, the Corionototae and the Tectoverdi around the Tyne valley. Portolan charts were key to maritime navigation in the medieval world. This representation of Britain comes from a larger navigational chart covering the whole of Western Europe. 5. Britannia Insula by George Lily – 1548 Federico Sánchez-Quinto; Hannes Schroeder; Oscar Ramirez; María C. Ávila-Arcos; Marc Pybus; Iñigo Olalde; Amhed M.V. Velazquez; María Encina Prada Marcos; Julio Manuel Vidal Encinas; Jaume Bertranpetit; Ludovic Orlando; M. Thomas P. Gilbert; Carles Lalueza-Fox (June 2012). "Genomic Affinities of Two 7,000-Year-Old Iberian Hunter-Gatherers". Current Biology. 22 (16): 1494–9. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.005. PMID 22748318.

In addition, a Brittonic legacy remains in England, Scotland and Galicia in Spain, [39] in the form of often large numbers of Brittonic place and geographical names. Examples of geographical Brittonic names survive in the names of rivers, such as the Thames, Clyde, Severn, Tyne, Wye, Exe, Dee, Tamar, Tweed, Avon, Trent, Tambre, Navia, and Forth. Many place names in England and Scotland are of Brittonic rather than Anglo-Saxon or Gaelic origin, such as London, Manchester, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Carlisle, Caithness, Aberdeen, Dundee, Barrow, Exeter, Lincoln, Dumbarton, Brent, Penge, Colchester, Gloucester, Durham, Dover, Kent, Leatherhead, and York. The Younger Dryas was followed by the Holocene, which began around 9,700 BC, [21] and continues to the present. There was then limited occupation by Ahrensburgian hunter gatherers, but this came to an end when there was a final downturn in temperature which lasted from around 9,400 to 9,200 BC. Mesolithic people occupied Britain by around 9,000 BC, and it has been occupied ever since. [22] By 8000 BC temperatures were higher than today, and birch woodlands spread rapidly, [23] but there was a cold spell around 6,200 BC which lasted about 150 years. [24] The plains of Doggerland were thought to have finally been submerged around 6500 to 6000 BC, [25] but recent evidence suggests that the bridge may have lasted until between 5800 and 5400 BC, and possibly as late as 3800 BC. [26]Britain was populated only intermittently, and even during periods of occupation may have reproduced below replacement level and needed immigration from elsewhere to maintain numbers. According to Paul Pettitt and Mark White: The 4th-century BC account by Pytheas has not survived, and only brief pieces of it are known from other writers. From about 15 BC, the Atrebates seem to have established friendly relations with Rome, and it was an appeal for help from the last Atrebatic king, Verica, which provided Claudius with the pretext for the invasion on Britain in AD 43. After the Roman Conquest, the territory of the Atrebates was divided up, with Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum) becoming the capital of a Roman civitas that administered the area of modern Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Surrey and north Hampshire. Both areas were different to each other and were important centres of population and economy in the period c. 400 and 100 BC.