12" Ceramic Phrenology Head

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In 1796 the German physician Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828) began lecturing on organology: the isolation of mental faculties [19] and later cranioscopy which involved reading the skull's shape as it pertained to the individual. It was Gall's collaborator Johann Gaspar Spurzheim who would popularize the term "phrenology". [19] [20] Gall was more concerned with creating a physical science, so it was through Spurzheim that phrenology was first spread throughout Europe and America. [19] Phrenology, while not universally accepted, was hardly a fringe phenomenon of the era. George Combe would become the chief promoter of phrenology throughout the English-speaking world after he viewed a brain dissection by Spurzheim, convincing him of phrenology's merits. Examples of phrenological tools can be seen in The Museum of Questionable Medical Devices in Minneapolis, Minnesota New illustrated self-instructor in phrenology and physiology. Open Content Alliance eBook Collection, Fowler, O. S. (Orson Squire) (1809–1887); Fowler, L. N. (Lorenzo Niles) (1811–1896)

We're onto our 3rd year of six things mystery box gifts for our birthdays and xmas. Each one is amazing. We can tell the items are selected with care. You really do go above and beyond. Thank you so much." Belle and Josh, Brisbane QLD a b Branson, Susan (2017). "Phrenology and the Science of Race in Antebellum America". Early American Studies. 15 (1): 164–193. ISSN 1543-4273. JSTOR 90000339. Archived from the original on 2022-07-12 . Retrieved 2022-07-12. Erik Grayson. "Weird Science, Weirder Unity: Phrenology and Physiognomy in Edgar Allan Poe" Mode 1 (2005): 56–77. Also online ( archive).Finger, Stanley (2004). Minds Behind the Brain: A History of the Pioneers and Their Discoveries. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0195181821. aristotle brain. Poskett, James (February 5, 2013). "Django Unchained and the racist science of phrenology". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017 . Retrieved May 24, 2019. Crystal advent box - "I have freaking loved opening each crystal. Such a treat. Definitely getting it again." Kristy In the novel The Hound of the Baskervilles, Holmes' client is Dr James Mortimer, who claims to be a practitioner of phrenology. Simpson, D. (2005) "Phrenology and the Neurosciences: Contributions of F. J. Gall and J. G. Spurzheim" ANZ Journal of Surgery. Oxford. Vol. 75.6; p. 475

a b c Wihe, J. V. (2002). "Science and Pseudoscience: A Primer in Critical Thinking". Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. California: Skeptics Society. pp.195–203. Phrenology (from Ancient Greek φρήν (phrēn)'mind',and λόγος ( logos)'knowledge') is a pseudoscience that involves the measurement of bumps on the skull to predict mental traits. [1] [2] It is based on the concept that the brain is the organ of the mind, and that certain brain areas have localized, specific functions or modules. [3] It was said that the brain was composed of different muscles, so those that were used more often were bigger, resulting in the different skull shapes. This led to the reasoning behind why everyone had bumps on the skull in different locations. The brain "muscles" not being used as frequently remained small and were therefore not present on the exterior of the skull. Although both of those ideas have a basis in reality, phrenology generalize beyond empirical knowledge in a way that departs from science. [1] [4] The central phrenological notion that measuring the contour of the skull can predict personality traits is discredited by empirical research. [5] Developed by German physician Franz Joseph Gall in 1796, [6] the discipline was influential in the 19th century, especially from about 1810 until 1840. The principal British centre for phrenology was Edinburgh, where the Edinburgh Phrenological Society was established in 1820. Other things being equal, the relative size of any particular mental organ is indicative of the power or strength of that organPhrenology was introduced at a time when the old theological and philosophical understanding of the mind was being questioned and no longer seemed adequate in a society that was experiencing rapid social and demographic changes. [68] Phrenology became one of the most popular movements of the Victorian Era. In part phrenology's success was due to George Combe tailoring phrenology for the middle class. Combe's book On the Constitution of Man and its Relationship to External Objects was one of the most popular of the time, selling over two hundred thousand copies in a ten-year period. Phrenology's success was also partly because it was introduced at a time when scientific lectures were becoming a form of middle-class entertainment, exposing a large demographic of people to phrenological ideas who would not have heard them otherwise. [69] As a result of the changing times, new avenues of exposure and its multifaceted appeal, phrenology flourished in popular culture [70] although it was discredited as scientific theory by 1840. Holtzman, Geoffrey S. (December 16, 2015). "When Phrenology Was Used in Court: Lessons in Neuroscience from the 1834 Trial of a 9-year-old". Slate. New York. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021 . Retrieved April 4, 2021.