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Elvidge, C. D., Hsu, F.-C., Baugh, K. & Ghosh, T. National trends in satellite observed lighting: 1992–2012. Global Urban Monitoring and Assessment Through Earth Observation. Weng, Q. (ed.) (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. in press). Chen, X. & Nordhaus, W. D. Using luminosity as a proxy for economic statistics. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 8589–8594 (2011). Agnew, J.; Gillespie, T.; Gonzalez, J.; Min, B. Baghdad Nights: Evaluating the US Military ‘Surge’ Using Nighttime Light Signatures. Environ. Plan. A 2008, 40, 2285–2295. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Sidelights (the four low-wattage lights found in the corners of your car) also have a secondary purpose – as parking lights. The Highway Code says that all vehicles must display parking lights or sidelights when parked on a road (or lay-by) with a speed limit of more than 30mph. They can be left on for long periods of time when you leave your car and shouldn’t drain your battery. The Highway Code also recommends switching on your parking lights if your car, for unavoidable reasons, is parked on any road in fog. Number plate light

If Christmas light trends end up being anything like this year’s Barbie-inspired Halloween, shades of pink will dominate this holiday season. Calibration between years using ordinary least-squares regression (OLS) in so-called “no change” areas, which are assumed to have had negligible changes in lighting throughout the period 23, may be problematic as, for a full calibration, the area selected must contain the full range of DN values from completely dark rural pixels to saturated urban pixels, which must be lit at a constant brightness throughout the period. Arguably, few, if any, areas with this range of values can be reliably assumed to have had no significant changes in brightness over the past decades. Since the coefficients of ordinary least-squares regression are heavily influenced by outlying values, any pixels with real directional changes in brightness within the calibration region will influence the calibration and may lead to misleading patterns of change. Recent approaches 13 have used a robust regression technique that iteratively removes “suspect” outliers to overcome this problem. We use an alternative robust regression technique for intercalibration, quantile regression through the median. This method differs from least squares regression techniques in that it estimates the conditional median, rather than the mean, value of the response variable given the predictor variable. The method is therefore inherently insensitive to outlying values 30. The breakdown point, ie. the proportion of observations that can be arbitrarily high or low, of estimates of the median is 0.5. In this context this means that up to 50% of pixels with a given DN in a calibration image may have undergone a real increase or decrease in actual brightness without strongly influencing the estimate of the calibration coefficients. This makes it suitable for use in intercalibration in regions where limited directional changes in lighting are occurring over time, as instead of assuming that all pixels have a constant brightness over the entire calibration period, against which the measured DN may be intercalibrated, we only need to assume that at least approximately 50% of pixels have constant brightness. We selected a calibration region of 150 by 350 km covering south-western England ( Figure 1). Here the majority of lighting sources are associated with fixed infrastructure such as municipal street lighting. Due to planning regulations in the UK, urban and industrial growth in the region is almost entirely located in discrete locations occupying a small proportion of the land surface; while there have undoubtedly been changes in lighting due to the increase in population, urban and suburban development, industrial development and decline, leisure facilities and changes in street lighting type and management, these changes are almost certainly localised in extent during this period and affect a minority of pixels. We therefore assume that most changes in brightness are highly localised in space (i.e. affecting a minority of pixels in any one year) and/or time (i.e. occurring during a minority of years for any one pixel). Small, C. & Elvidge, C. D. Night on Earth: mapping decadal changes of anthropogenic night light in Asia. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. 22, 40–52 (2013). On the other side of the spectrum, Christmas decor featuring earthy and neutral tones is also popular. Softer, warmer lights can make your house feel especially cozy this time of year.Cinzano, P., Falchi, F. & Elvidge, C. D. The first World Atlas of the artificial sky brightness. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 328, 689–707 (2001). Li, X.; Zhang, R.; Huang, C.; Li, D. Detecting 2014 Northern Iraq Insurgency using night-time light imagery. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2015, 36, 3446–3458. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Li, X., Chen, F. & Chen, X. Satellite-Observed Nighttime Light Variation as Evidence for Global Armed Conflicts. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. 6, 2302–2315 (2013).

January and February are bitterly cold in the Arctic regions, which can mean clearer skies. So for those determined to catch the northern lights, this is a good time to visit. Aurora activity is always unpredictable until very close to the date, but one of the advantages of going during this time of year is the opportunity to do snow-based activities such as skiing and dogsledding. November and December give long, dark winter nights that create a perfect opportunity to see the northern lights. In the Arctic Circle, there may be significant amounts of snowfall around this time of year, which inevitably means some periods of cloud cover. Skiing in Finnish Lapland (Alamy) When is the solar maximum? So how much fog makes it officially foggy? At what point is it right to turn on your fog lights? The Highway Code states that you should use your rear fog light if you cannot see more than 100m beyond your car. The best way to measure this is to use the car in front: if you are struggling to see their rear lights, then turn your fog lights on. It is important to remember though that fog lights can dazzle other drivers and obscure your brake lights, so should not be used unless they are definitely needed. Using your lights in wet weatherKyba, C. C. M. & Hölker, F. Do artificially illuminated skies affect biodiversity in nocturnal landscapes? Landsc. Ecol. 10.1007/s10980-013-9936 (2013). The northern lights appear whenever there’s solar activity, but we can only spot them when it’s dark. Therefore northern lights tours only run in the winter months as the longer nights make the aurora borealis easier to spot. Though the urban light pollution usually hampers visibility, you can sometimes see the northern lights from the city center of Reykjavik. There are also areas within and around the city where the lights are more visible. Look for parks and coastal areas, like the Grotta nature reserve or the Sun Voyager sculpture, that are more isolated. Lyytimäki, J. Nature's nocturnal services: light pollution as a non-recognised challenge for ecosystem services research and management. Ecosys. Serv. 3, e44–e48 (2013).

Timeless Christmas looks include traditional red, white and green colored bulbs; an all-white display; or candy-cane red and white striped lights. What is the best way to hang Christmas lights? Agnew, J. T. W. et al. Baghdad nights: evaluating the US military ‘surge’ using nighttime light signatures. Environ. Plann. A 40, 2285–2295 (2008). Slovenské Elektráne Efficient public LED lighting. ( http://www.seas.sk/en/news-media/news/news/news-detail/_efficient-public-led-lights). Accessed 2013/9/10. If hanging lights is too much, spotlights or projected Christmas lights can still be festive and much easier to set up. What is the least damaging way to hang Christmas lights? Live entertainment will feature headline act 6 To The Bar, DJ Jay Rachet from Hot Radio, Sound of Soul Choir and Minky Moos. Christchurch Christmas lights (picture: Christchurch Town Council)

Using your lights when you go abroad

Dou, Y.; Liu, Z.; He, C.; Yue, H. Urban Land Extraction Using VIIRS Nighttime Light Data: An Evaluation of Three Popular Methods. Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 175. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] One of the best places in the world to catch the lights is Norway. Thanks to its proximity to the North Pole and the country’s isolated regions, thousands of travellers visit each year looking to experience the lights. If you’re planning a trip to chase the northern lights in Norway, here’s everything you need to know. What are the northern lights? Animated and color-changing lights — multiple settings allow a variety of colors and twinkling effects. When you press the brake pedal two red warning lights are activated at the rear of your car. They are brighter than the tail lights, or sidelights, and warn the traffic behind you that you are slowing down. If you are stationary at traffic lights or roadworks, for instance, it’s useful to keep the brake pedal pressed – the bright red lights will warn cars approaching from behind that you are at a standstill or slowing down. Tail lights

All cars will have a rear fog light, and the button will show a lamp with a wiggly line in front of it. Some cars will also have front fog lights. As a general rule, the front fog light button will have the light pointing the same way as it does on the headlight switch.Yi, K.; Tani, H.; Li, Q.; Zhang, J.; Guo, M.; Bao, Y.; Wang, X.; Li, J. Mapping and Evaluating the Urbanization Process in Northeast China Using DMSP/OLS Nighttime Light Data. Sensors 2014, 14, 3207–3226. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version] Iceland’s weather is milder in autumn and spring (if still very unpredictable), meaning less chance of cloud cover, although note that the window of opportunity for northern lights hunting is smaller due to the increased daylight hours. Li, X.; Li, D. Can night-time light images play a role in evaluating the Syrian Crisis? Int. J. Remote Sens. 2014, 35, 6648–6661. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]