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a b c Egbert, A. L. (1978). The Social Behavior of Brown Bears at McNeil River, Alaska ( Ph.D. thesis). Utah State University. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Mammalian Species- Ursus arctos" (PDF). American Society of Mammalogists, Smith College. 23 April 1993. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2017.

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Sagør, J. T.; Swenson, J. E.; Røskaft, E. (1997). "Compatibility of brown bear Ursus arctos and free-ranging sheep in Norway". Biological Conservation. 81 (1–2): 91. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00165-6. Nawaz, Muhammad Ali; Swenson, Jon E.; Zakaria, Vaqar (2008). "Pragmatic management increases a flagship species, the Himalayan brown bears, in Pakistan's Deosai National Park". Biological Conservation. 141 (#9): 2230. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2008.06.012. Loreille, O.; Orlando, L.; Patou-Mathis, M.; Philippe, M.; Taberlet, P.; Hänni, C. (2001). "Ancient DNA analysis reveals divergence of the cave bear, Ursus spelaeus, and brown bear, Ursus arctos, lineages". Current Biology. 11 (3): 200–203. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00046-x. PMID 11231157. S2CID 14645603.Proctor, Michael F.; Paetkau, David; Mclellan, Bruce N.; Stenhouse, Gordon B.; Kendall, Katherine C.; Mace, Richard D.; Kasworm, Wayne F.; Servheen, Christopher; Lausen, Cori L. (2012). "Population fragmentation and inter-ecosystem movements of grizzly bears in western Canada and the northern United States". Wildlife Monographs. 180 (1): 1–46. doi: 10.1002/wmon.6. ISSN 1938-5455. S2CID 16790669. History and Culture – State Symbols". California State Library. Archived from the original on 5 January 2019 . Retrieved 24 September 2011. Sacco, Tyson; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire (2004). "Ecomorphological indicators of feeding behaviour in the bears (Carnivora: Ursidae)". Journal of Zoology. 263: 41. doi: 10.1017/S0952836904004856. Christiansen, Per (2008). "Feeding ecology and morphology of the upper canines in bears (carnivora: Ursidae)". Journal of Morphology. 269 (#7): 896–908. doi: 10.1002/jmor.10643. PMID 18488989. S2CID 33532210. The brown bear is sometimes referred to as the bruin, from Middle English. This name originated in the fable History of Reynard the Fox translated by William Caxton from Middle Dutch bruun or bruyn, meaning brown (the color). [16] [17] In the mid-19th century United States, the brown bear was termed "Old Ephraim" and sometimes as "Moccasin Joe". [18]

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Kaczensky, P.; Huber, D.; Knauer, F.; Roth, H.; Wagner, A.; Kusak, J. (2006). "Activity patterns of brown bears ( Ursus arctos) in Slovenia and Croatia". Journal of Zoology. 269 (#4): 474−485. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00114.x. Boscagli, G. (1990). "Marsican brown bear population in central Italy—Status report 1985". Aquilo, Series Zoologica. 27: 81–83. We have been a leading ecotourism and adventure travel provider since 1985. Led by world-class naturalist guides, our eco-conscious expeditions take you to the world's most remarkable nature locales.

Swenson, J. E. (2000). Action plan for the conservation of the brown bear in Europe ( Ursus arctos) (No. 18-114). Council of Europe. Smith, Herrero; DeBruyn, Wilde (2008). "Spray more effective than guns against bears: study". North American Bear Center. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. a b Macdonald, D.W.; Barrett, P. (1993). Mammals of Europe. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-691-09160-0. Tsubota, T. & Kanagawa, H. (1993). "Morphological Characteristics of the Ovary, Uterus and Embryo during the Delayed Implantation Period in the Hokkaido Brown Bear ( Ursus arctos yesoensis)". Journal of Reproduction and Development. 39 (#4): 325–331. doi: 10.1262/jrd.39.325. S2CID 84359252. Calvignac, Sebastien; Hughes, Sandrine; Hanni, Catherine (2009). "Genetic diversity of endangered brown bear ( Ursus arctos) populations at the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa". Diversity and Distributions. 15 (#5): 742–750. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2009.00586.x. S2CID 21666120.

Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) | Alask - Nat Hab 13 Facts About Brown Bears (Ursus arctos) | Alask - Nat Hab

Gittleman, J. L. (1994). "Female brain size and parental care in carnivores". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 91 (#12): 5495–5497. Bibcode: 1994PNAS...91.5495G. doi: 10.1073/pnas.91.12.5495. PMC 44022. PMID 8202515. The Intellectual observer: review of natural history, microscopic research, and recreative science, Groombridge, 1865 Seryodkin, I. V. (2007). "Роль бурого медведя в экосистемах Дальнего Востока России". Биоразнообразие и роль животных в экосистемах: Материалы IV Международной научной конференции. Denpropetrovsk: Oles Honchar Dnipro National University. pp.502–503. Archived from the original on 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2015. Generally brown bears weigh anywhere from 80 to 600kg (180 to 1,320lb), with males outweighing females. [53] The normal range of physical dimensions for a brown bear is a head-and-body length of 1.4 to 2.8m (4ft 7in to 9ft 2in) and a shoulder height of 70 to 153cm (2ft 4in to 5ft 0in). The tail is relatively short, as in all bears, ranging from 6 to 22cm (2.4 to 8.7in) in length. [54] [55] The smallest brown bears, females during spring among barren-ground populations, can weigh so little as to roughly match the body mass of males of the smallest living bear species, the sun bear ( Helarctos malayanus), while the largest coastal populations attain sizes broadly similar to those of the largest living bear species, the polar bear. [6] Interior brown bears are generally smaller than is often perceived, being around the same weight as an average lion, at an estimate average of 180kg (400lb) in males and 135kg (298lb) in females, whereas adults of the coastal populations weigh about twice as much. The average weight of adult male bears from 19 populations, from around the world and various subspecies (including both large- and small-bodied subspecies), was found to be 217kg (478lb) while adult females from 24 populations were found to average 152kg (335lb). [13] [56] [57] [58] Color In SloveniaWild animals provide a sense of freedom, in particular for children living in urban environments", says child psychologist Barbie Clarke, who has extensively researched about children and their development. A grizzly–polar bear hybrid (known either as a pizzly bear or a grolar bear) is a rare ursid hybrid resulting from a crossbreeding of a brown bear and a polar bear. It has occurred both in captivity and in the wild. In 2006, the occurrence of this hybrid in nature was confirmed by testing the DNA of a strange-looking bear that had been shot in the Canadian Arctic, and seven more hybrids have since been confirmed in the same region, all descended from a single female polar bear. [46] Previously, the hybrid had been produced in zoos and was considered a " cryptid" (a hypothesized animal for which there is no scientific proof of existence in the wild). The brown bear has a naturally long life. Wild females have been observed reproducing up to 28 years of age, which is the oldest known age for reproduction of any ursid in the wild. The peak reproductive age for females ranges from four to 20 years old. [73] [165] The lifespan of brown bears of both sexes within minimally hunted populations is estimated at an average of 25 years. [166] The oldest wild brown bear on record was nearly 37 years old. [166] The oldest recorded female in captivity was nearly 40 years old, while males in captivity have been verified to live up to 47 years, with one captive male possibly attaining 50 years of age. [13] [55] Egbert, Allan L.; Stokes, Allen W.; Egbert, A. L. (16 September 1976). "The Social Behaviour of Brown Bears on an Alaskan Salmon Stream" (PDF). Bears: Their Biology and Management. 3: 41–56. doi: 10.2307/3872753. JSTOR 3872753. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 April 2011. The brown bear is one of the most omnivorous animals in the world and has been recorded as consuming the greatest variety of foods of any bear. [73] Throughout life, this species is regularly curious about the potential of eating virtually any organism or object that they encounter. Food that is both abundant and easily accessed or caught is preferred. Their jaw structure has evolved to fit their dietary habits. Their diet varies enormously throughout their differing areas based on opportunity.

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In Europe, in 2010, there were 14,000brown bears in ten fragmented populations, from Spain (estimated at only 20–25 animals in the Pyrenees in 2010, [82] [83] in a range shared between Spain, France and Andorra, and some 210 animals in Asturias, Cantabria, Galicia and León, in the Picos de Europa and adjacent areas in 2013 [84]) in the west, to Russia in the east, and from Sweden and Finland in the north to Romania (5000–6000), Bulgaria (900–1200), Slovakia (with about 600–800 animals), Slovenia (500–700 animals) and Greece (with Karamanlidis et al. 2015 estimating >450 animals) [85] [86] in the south. Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9. The mating season is from mid-May to early July, shifting later the further north the bears are found. [73] [56] [108] Being serially monogamous, brown bears remain with the same mate from a couple of days to a couple of weeks. [13] [109] Outside of this narrow time frame, adult male and female brown bears show no sexual interest in each other. [13] Females mature sexually between the age of four and eight years of age, with an average age at sexual maturity of 5.2–5.5 years old, while males first mate about a year later on average, when they are large and strong enough to successfully compete with other males for mating rights. [110] [104] [111] Males will try to mate with as many females as they can; usually a successful one mates with two females in a span of one to three weeks. [55] [111] The adult female brown bear is similarly promiscuous, mating with up to four, rarely even eight, males while in heat and potentially breeding with two males in a single day. Females come into oestrus on average every three to four years, with a full range of 2.4 to 5.7 years. The urine markings of a female in oestrus can attract several males via scent. [76] [56] [112] [113] [114] [115] [105] [116] Paternity DNA tests have shown that littermates do not share the same father in up to 29% of litters. [105] Dominant males may try to sequester a female for her entire oestrus period of approximately two weeks, but usually are unable to retain her for the entire time. [56] [105] Copulation is vigorous and prolonged and can last up to an hour, although the mean time is about 23–24 minutes. [56] [117] Grizzly bear cubs often imitate their mothers closely. Dahle, B.; Zedrosser, A.; Swenson, J. E. (2006). "Correlates with body size and mass in yearling brown bears ( Ursus arctos)". Journal of Zoology. 269 (#3): 273–283. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00127.x.Pérez-Hidalgo, T. (1992). "The European descendants of Ursus etruscus C. Cuvier (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ursidae)" (PDF). Boletín del Instituto Geológico y Minero de España. 103 (4): 632–642. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. a b c d McDonald, D., & Norris, S. (2001). The new encyclopedia of mammals. Oxford University Press.