The C64 (Electronic Games)

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Commodore BASIC, also known as PET BASIC or CBM-BASIC, is the dialect of the BASIC programming language used in Commodore International's 8-bit home computer line, stretching from the PET (1977) to the Commodore 128 (1985). Pulkkinen, Marko (August 9, 2016). "Legendaarinen tietokone juhlii tänään – koko elokuu on #c64month". yle.fi (in Finnish) . Retrieved January 12, 2019. SSI exited the Commodore 64 market in 1991, after most competitors. [58] Ultima VI, released in 1991, was the last major C64 game release from a North American developer, and The Simpsons, published by Ultra Games, was the last arcade conversion. The latter was a somewhat uncommon example of a US-developed arcade port as after the early years of the C64, most arcade conversions were produced by UK developers and converted to NTSC and disk format for the US market, American developers instead focusing on more computer-centered game genres such as RPGs and simulations. In the European market, disk software was rarer and cassettes were the most common distribution method; this led to a higher prevalence of arcade titles and smaller, lower-budget games that could fit entirely in the computer's memory without requiring multiloads. European programmers also tended to exploit advanced features of the C64's hardware more than their US counterparts. [ citation needed]

Commodore 64 Programmers Reference Manual Commodore 64 Programmers Reference Manual

Time your jumps through roads filled with different sized vehicles and then make sure you jump from log to log while avoiding becoming someone’s lunch. a b "In Memory Of The Commodore C128 – Popular Science and Technology Blog by Jos Kirps". Archived from the original on November 29, 2014 . Retrieved November 17, 2014. Jakso 1: Commodore 64 | Se päivä muutti Suomen". yle.fi (in Finnish). February 4, 2012 . Retrieved July 15, 2012. World of Commodore Brochure" (PDF). Pcmuseum.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 14, 2019 . Retrieved March 18, 2017.If you want ease of access, versatility, and robust emulation, then C64 Forever could well be your best bet.

TechRadar The C64 Mini review | TechRadar

Commando is one of those games that goes incredibly well until you lose concentration for a second, and then you’re in a whole world of pain. Line numbers can range from 0 to 65520 and take five bytes to store regardless of how many digits are in the line number, although execution is faster the fewer digits there are. Putting multiple statements on a line will use less memory and execute faster. Ferrell, Keith (July 1989). "Just Kids' Play or Computer in Disguise?". Compute!. p.28 . Retrieved November 11, 2013.

From a modern programming point of view, the earlier versions of Commodore BASIC presented a host of bad programming traps for the programmer. As most of these issues derived from Microsoft BASIC, virtually every home computer BASIC of the era suffered from similar deficiencies. [11] Every line of a Microsoft BASIC program was assigned a line number by the programmer. It was common practice to increment numbers by some value (5, 10 or 100) to make inserting lines during program editing or debugging easier, but bad planning meant that inserting large sections into a program often required restructuring the entire code. A common technique was to start a program at some low line number with an ON...GOSUB jump table, with the body of the program structured into sections starting at a designated line number like 1000, 2000, and so on. If a large section needed to be added, it could just be assigned the next

Commodore 64 Games System - Wikipedia

We'd have much preferred an all purpose built-in emulator on the device that would allow us to instantly load up hundreds of games from a connected USB drive without having to jump through a bunch of time-consuming hoops. There were several versions of the C64 from the original "Bull Nosed" or Breadbin style through to the later re-styled version and even versions produced specifically for the education market. In 1987, Commodore released a 64C variant with a highly redesigned motherboard commonly known as a "short board". The new board used the new HMOS chipset, featuring a new 64-pin PLA chip. The new "SuperPLA", as it was dubbed, integrated many discrete components and transistor–transistor logic (TTL) chips. In the last revision of the 64C motherboard, the 2114 4-bit-wide color RAM was integrated into the SuperPLA.As is common for home computers of the early 1980s, the C64 comes with a BASIC interpreter, in ROM. KERNAL, I/O, and tape/disk drive operations are accessed via custom BASIC language commands. The disk drive has its own interfacing microprocessor and ROM (firmware) I/O routines, much like the earlier CBM/PET systems and the Atari 400 and Atari 800. This means that no memory space is dedicated to running a disk operating system, as was the case with earlier systems such as the AppleII and TRS-80. Holmes, Mike. "Gaming's Defining Moments – The Commodore 64". Gamereactor UK . Retrieved July 1, 2020. One of the very first games created by Sensible Software, Wizball is a horizontal shoot ‘em up with some playfully innovative elements – not least the fact that you’re not in control of a space ship, but a wizard who’s actually a ball. It’s a vertical scrolling shooter in which players take a soldier with hardly any weapons on a mission to kill as many Nazis as possible. One of the toughest thing about this game is dodging bullets from the one-hit-kill guns. Yeah, Double Dragon has golden gun style firepower!

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Normally a BASIC line can have 80 characters maximum (40 characters over 2 lines) - any further characters are ignored. Excess length lines can be generated by using abbreviations (tokens) of the BASIC-commands or with compilers (e.g. ? is PRINT). The editing of excess length lines is a problem.Taylor, Graham (February 13, 1986). "Music Hardware: Now that's what I call music". Popular Computing Weekly. pp.13–4. In the default uppercase-only character set, shifted characters appear as a graphics symbol; e.g. the command, GOTO, could be abbreviated G{Shift-O} (which resembled G Γ onscreen). Most such commands were two letters long, but in some cases they were longer. In cases like this, there was an ambiguity, so more unshifted letters of the command were needed, such as GO{Shift-S} ( GO♥) being required for GOSUB. Some commands had no abbreviated form, either due to brevity or ambiguity with other commands. For example, the command, INPUT had no abbreviation because its spelling collided with the separate INPUT# keyword, which was located nearer to the beginning of the keyword lookup table. The heavily used PRINT command had a single ? shortcut, as was common in most Microsoft BASIC dialects. Abbreviating commands with shifted letters is unique to Commodore BASIC. You might think that therefore, techniques such as recursion and linked lists can not be done on C64 BASIC. However, this is not true. This section introduces some of the techniques that can be used on the C64 to mimic some of the features of more sophisticated programming languages.