Vtech 80-122400 Switch & Go Dinos - Horns the Triceratops, Ages 3-8

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Puncture marks on fossil frills show that male Triceratops also used their horns to fight each other, probably to impress females. Herd instinct Rega, E.; Holmes, R.; Tirabasso, A. (2010). "Habitual locomotor behavior inferred from manual pathology in two Late Cretaceous chasmosaurine ceratopsid dinosaurs, Chasmosaurus irvinensis (CMN 41357) and Chasmosaurus belli (ROM 843)". In Ryan, Michael J.; Chinnery-Allgeier, Brenda J.; Eberth, David A. (eds.). New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp.340–354. ISBN 978-0-253-35358-0. a b Lamanna, M. C.; Sues, H. D.; Schachner, E. R.; Lyson, T. R. (2014). "A New Large-Bodied Oviraptorosaurian Theropod Dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Western North America". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e92022. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...992022L. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092022. PMC 3960162. PMID 24647078.

By moving in herds, prey animals can warn each other of danger and lessen their chances of being singled out by a predator. Theropods from these formations include genera of dromaeosaurids, tyrannosaurids, ornithomimids, troodontids, [93] avialans, [95] and caenagnathids. [96] Dromaeosaurids from the Hell Creek Formation are Acheroraptor and Dakotaraptor. Indeterminate dromaeosaurs are known from other fossil formations. Common teeth previously referred to Dromaeosaurus and Saurornitholestes were considered to be those of Acheroraptor. [97] The tyrannosaurids from the formation are Nanotyrannus and Tyrannosaurus, although the former is most likely a junior synonym of the latter. Among ornithomimids are the genera Struthiomimus and Ornithomimus. [93] An undescribed animal named " Orcomimus" could be from the formation. [98] Troodontids are only represented by Pectinodon and Paronychodon in the Hell Creek Formation with a possible species of Troodon from the Lance Formation. One species of unknown coelurosaur is known from teeth in the Hell Creek and similar formations by a single species, Richardoestesia. Only three oviraptorosaurs are from the Hell Creek Formation: Anzu, Leptorhynchos [96] and a giant species of caenagnathid, very similar to Gigantoraptor, from South Dakota. However, only fossilized foot prints were discovered. [99] The avialans known from the formation are Avisaurus, [93] multiple species of Brodavis, [100] and several other species of hesperornithoforms, as well as several species of true birds, including Cimolopteryx. [95] Triceratops and other animals of the Hell Creek Formation Hone, D. W. E.; Naish, D. (2013). "The 'species recognition hypothesis' does not explain the presence and evolution of exaggerated structures in non-avialan dinosaurs". Journal of Zoology. 290 (3): 172–180. doi: 10.1111/jzo.12035.Triceratops was traditionally placed within the "short-frilled" ceratopsids, but modern cladistic studies show it to be a member of Chasmosaurinae, which usually have long frills. Two species, T.horridus and T.prorsus, are considered valid today. Seventeen different species, however, have been named throughout history. Research published in 2010 concluded that the contemporaneous Torosaurus, a ceratopsid long regarded as a separate genus, represents Triceratops in its mature form. This view has still been highly disputed and much more data is needed to settle this ongoing debate.

What is special about the Triceratops?". Dinosaurios.org. July 24, 2013. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020 . Retrieved December 26, 2013. By studying a dinosaur’s teeth, scientists can estimate what type of food they likely ate. We know that this species was herbivorous because they had flattened teeth perfect for grinding plant matter. Researchers also believe that these dinosaurs fed on low vegetation, because their heads were rather low on their body. a b c d e f g h i Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, Peter; Osmólska, H. (2004). The Dinosauria (Seconded.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p.861. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8. Weishampel, D. B. (1984). Evolution of jaw mechanisms in ornithopod dinosaurs. Advances in Anatomy Embryology and Cell Biology. Vol.87. pp.1–110. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-69533-9. ISBN 978-3-540-13114-4. PMID 6464809. S2CID 12547312. Triceratops skeleton displayed at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Richard Cummins / Getty Images

Early on, Lull postulated that the frills may have served as anchor points for the jaw muscles to aid chewing by allowing increased size and power for the muscles. [63] This has been put forward by other authors over the years, but later studies do not find evidence of large muscle attachments on the frill bones. [64]

Horner, J.R.; Goodwin, M.B. (2006). "Major cranial changes during Triceratops ontogeny". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (1602): 2757–2761. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2006.3643. PMC 1635501. PMID 17015322. Since Triceratops' discovery in 1887, up to 16 species of the dinosaur have been proposed, but only two species — T.horridus and T. prorsus— are currently considered valid, according to a 2014 study in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), which found that T. horridus likely evolved into T. prorsus over a span of 1 million to 2 million years.Melbourne Museum acquires world's most complete triceratops skeleton in 'immense' dinosaur deal". the Guardian. December 2, 2020. Archived from the original on February 18, 2021 . Retrieved February 10, 2021. Longrich, Nicholas R. (2011). " Titanoceratops ouranous, a giant horned dinosaur from the Late Campanian of New Mexico". Cretaceous Research. 32 (3): 264–276. Bibcode: 2011CrRes..32..264L. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2010.12.007. Marsh, O.C. (1889a). "Notice of new American Dinosauria". American Journal of Science. 37 (220): 331–336. Bibcode: 1889AmJS...37..331M. doi: 10.2475/ajs.s3-37.220.331. S2CID 131729220. Archived from the original on September 29, 2018 . Retrieved October 19, 2021.