LeeVee Replacement Battery Compatible with iPhone 5S and 5C, 1860mAh High Capacity 0 Cycle Li-Polymer Battery with Full Set Repair Tools Kits and Instructions (2 Years Warranty)

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In parts of Britain, particularly Scotland and Northern England, a dyke may be a field wall, generally made with dry stone. A levee is typically little more than a mound of less permeable soil, like clay, wider at the base and narrower at the top. These mounds run in a long strip, sometimes for many miles, along a river, lake or ocean. Levees along the Mississippi River may range from 10 to 20 feet (3 to 7 meters) tall. In Holland, they can top 30 feet (10 meters). But there's no set height for levees. Their measurements vary according to the storms the area receives, even if those storms occur only once every hundred or thousand years.

Darrel G.F. Long, Grant W. Lowey 2011 , 'Wandering gravel-bed rivers and high-constructive stable channel sandy fluvial Seismic surveys provide information about material velocities, delineation of interfaces between zones of differing velocities, and depths to these interfaces. The seismic method requires a contrast in wave transmission velocities and that any underlying stratum transmit waves be at a higher velocity than the overlying stratum. If the surface terrain and/or the layer interface are steeply sloping or irregular, a seismic survey is not recommended. Electrical resistivity surveys can be used to locate and define zones of different electrical properties, such as pervious and impervious zones of low resistivity, such as clayey strata. The resistivity method requires a resistivity contrast between the materials being located. Natural levees commonly form around lowland rivers and creeks without human intervention. They are elongated ridges of mud and/or silt that form on the river floodplains immediately adjacent to the cut banks. Like artificial levees, they act to reduce the likelihood of floodplain inundation. The crowd in the chambre du Roi can be estimated from Saint-Simon's remark of the King's devotions, which followed: the King knelt at his bedside "where all the clergy present knelt, the cardinals without cushions, all the laity remaining standing".People have been building and reinforcing levees since the beginning of civilization. As early as 2500 B.C.E., the Indus Valley Civilization, with urban centers in what is today Mohenjo Daro and Harappa, Pakistan, used levees to protect land near the Indus River. Farmers were able to grow crops like cotton and rice. Henry Petroski (2006). "Levees and Other Raised Ground". American Scientist. 94 (1): 7–11. doi: 10.1511/2006.57.7.

Hughes, S.A., Nadal, N.C. (2009). Laboratory study of combined wave overtopping and storm surge overflow of a levee. Coastal Engineering.56: 244–259 Artificial levees can lead to an elevation of the natural riverbed over time; whether this happens or not and how fast, depends on different factors, one of them being the amount and type of the bed load of a river. Alluvial rivers with intense accumulations of sediment tend to this behavior. Examples of rivers where artificial levees led to an elevation of the riverbed, even up to a point where the riverbed is higher than the adjacent ground surface behind the levees, are found for the Yellow River in China and the Mississippi in the United States.

In the decades that followed the deadly flood of 1953, Dutch engineers set out to build a new kind of barrier against the sea. They steadily replaced the old dike system, which had been in place since the medieval ages, and created 3­50 miles (563 km) of what many consider the safest levee system in the world. Levees differ from earth dams in several important respects. First, the alignment of levees is dictated primarily by flood protection requirements, which generally results in construction on poor foundations. Second, levee embankments may become saturated beyond the limit of capillary saturation for only a short period of time. Third, borrow for levees is typically obtained from either shallow pits or channels that are excavated adjacent to the levee. This produces fill material that is heterogeneous and less than ideal. Sometimes levees are said to fail when water overtops the crest of the levee. This will cause flooding on the floodplains, but because it does not damage the levee, it has fewer consequences for future flooding. History of Levees, FEMA, PDF at https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/1463585486484-d22943de4883b61a6ede15aa57a78a7f/History_of_Levees_0512_508.pdf Speakers of American English use the word levee, from the French word levée (from the feminine past participle of the French verb lever, 'to raise'). It originated in New Orleans a few years after the city's founding in 1718 and was later adopted by English speakers. [8] The name derives from the trait of the levee's ridges being raised higher than both the channel and the surrounding floodplains.

Levees protecting inhabited river valley areas against inundations during floods were among the earliest engineering works. In ancient Egypt a series of levees was built along the left bank of the Nile River for more than 600 miles (966 km), from Aswan to the Mediterranean. The cooperative and coordinated enterprise involved in building such long, massive embankments must have been a strong incentive for the development of an organized society and a unified government in ancient Egypt, as well as in ancient Mesopotamia and China, which engaged in similar hydraulic engineering projects. Levée ceremonies were held by regal representatives of the British Empire, such as the Viceroy of India, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, governors general and state/provincial governors/ lieutenant governors. [10] The ceremonial event continues to be held in a number of Commonwealth countries. The New Year's levee is still held on New Year's Day in Canada, by the Governor General of Canada, the lieutenant governors, the Canadian Armed Forces, and various municipalities across the country. In situations where undisturbed samples are either not being obtained or are difficult to obtained, in situ vane shear tests can be used to determine undrained shear strength. If shells or fibrous organic material are present, it can lead to errors in the test.In his poem "The Dry Salvages," T.S. Eliot described the river as "a strong brown god," a powerful force that, while often patient and nurturing, frequently proves itself untam­able and merciless. The greatest cities in human history have risen up on the banks of rivers and by the seaside, but in doing so, their builders chose to­ live in close confines with an unruly force. Rivers have surged to wash away whole communities or changed course to abandon prosperous kingdoms to the dust. Even today, ocean storms threaten to decimate centuries' worth of human endeavor. Based on the field investigation and the nature of the levee project, the location and spacing of borings should be determined by an engineer. Generally, initial borings are spaced from between 200 to 1,000 feet (60 to 300m) along the alignment. In expected problem areas, the borings should be spaced more closely together. The spacing should not be uniform, but should be based on geologic information. The borings can either be laid out along the levee centerline, or staggered along the alignment to cover more area and provide information on borrow materials. In Phase 2, the locations of borings should be based on Phase 1 results. Undisturbed sample borings should be located where data on soil shear strength is most needed. The most effective method is to group the foundation profiles, which have been developed on the basis of geological studies and exploration in similar conditions, and then locate undisturbed sample borings to define soil properties in critical reaches. The Mississippi levee system represents one of the largest such systems found anywhere in the world. It comprises over 5,600km (3,500mi) of levees extending some 1,000km (620mi) along the Mississippi, stretching from Cape Girardeau, Missouri, to the Mississippi delta. They were begun by French settlers in Louisiana in the 18th century to protect the city of New Orleans. [14] The first Louisiana levees were about 90cm (3ft) high and covered a distance of about 80km (50mi) along the riverside. [14] The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, in conjunction with the Mississippi River Commission, extended the levee system beginning in 1882 to cover the riverbanks from Cairo, Illinois to the mouth of the Mississippi delta in Louisiana. [14] By the mid-1980s, they had reached their present extent and averaged 7.3m (24ft) in height; some Mississippi levees are as high as 15m (50ft). The Mississippi levees also include some of the longest continuous individual levees in the world. One such levee extends southwards from Pine Bluff, Arkansas, for a distance of some 610km (380mi). The scope and scale of the Mississippi levees has often been compared to the Great Wall of China. [15] Osouli et al. (2014) and Karimpour et al. (2015) conducted lab scale physical modeling of levees to evaluate score characterization of different levees due to floodwall overtopping. [24] [25] Edward B. Perry (September 1998). "levee rehabilitation in USACE Technical Report REMR-GT-26, Innovative Methods for Levee Rehabilitation" (PDF). Dtic.mil. Archived from the original on 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 April 2019.