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Muscle atrophy resulting from disease rather than disuse is generally one of two types, that resulting from damage to the nerves that supply the muscles, and disease of the muscle itself. At its most basic level, muscle tissue is classified as either striated or non-striated/smooth based on the presence or absence of ‘striations’ (i.e. stripes/furrows) seen at a microscopic level; these are formed due to a particular arrangement of actin and myosin filaments within the myocyte (discussed below). The splenius muscles are innervated by the posterior rami of middle and lower cervical spinal nerves. The blood supply to the splenius muscles is by the occipital and transverse cervical arteries.

Generally, the main function of these muscles is positioning of the hyoid bone and coordination of the movements of the floor of the mouth and the hyoid bone while swallowing or vocalization. Merea, Valeria Silva; Pitman, Michael J. (1 January 2019), Chhetri, Dinesh K.; Dewan, Karuna (eds.), "Chapter 5 - Anatomy and Physiology of the Upper Esophageal Sphincter", Dysphagia Evaluation and Management in Otolaryngology, Elsevier, pp.29–34, doi: 10.1016/b978-0-323-56930-9.00005-x, ISBN 978-0-323-56930-9, S2CID 80855923 The nerve supply to the omohyoid is provided by the ansa cervicalis. Its blood supply stems from the superior thyroid branch of the external carotid artery, and inferior thyroid branch of the thyrocervical trunk. The thyrohyoid muscle is innervated by the anterior rami of the first cervical spinal nerve (C1) via the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). Its blood supply is derived from the infrahyoid and superior laryngeal branches of the superior thyroid artery, and the lingual branch of the external carotid artery. The suboccipital muscles are four small muscles found in the suboccipital region, deep to the semispinalis muscles. These are:A large group of muscles in the cervical area, responsible for the movement of the head in all directions The muscle is innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C3, and vascularized by the ascending pharyngeal artery, ascending cervical branch of the inferior thyroid artery and the muscular branches of the vertebral artery.

If you need an X-ray, it might be possible to have one at the unit, or you may be referred to hospital. Physiotherapy for sprains and strainsAll of the infrahyoid muscles are innervated by the ansa cervicalis from the cervical plexus ( C1- C3) [4] [5] except the thyrohyoid muscle, which is innervated by fibers only from the first cervical spinal nerve travelling with the hypoglossal nerve. [1] Function [ edit ] growth in the length of muscle fibers occurs as a result of new sarcomeres being added to the end of existing myofibrils. The term infrahyoid refers to the region below the hyoid bone, while the term strap muscles refers to the long and flat muscle shapes which resembles a strap. The stylopharyngeus muscle is considered by many to be one of the strap muscles, [ citation needed] but is not an infrahyoid muscle. Muscle atrophy is also called “ muscle wasting”. The majority of muscle atrophy in the general population results from ‘disuse’. People with sedentary jobs and senior citizens with decreased activity can lose muscle tone and develop significant atrophy. This type of atrophy is reversible with vigorous exercise. Bed-ridden people can undergo significant muscle wasting. Astronauts, free of the gravitational pull of Earth, can develop decreased muscle tone and loss of calcium from their bones following just a few days of weightlessness.