ORTOGRAF-3

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The English language contains 24 to 27 (depending on dialect) separate consonant phonemes and between fourteen to twenty vowels and diphthongs. However, English only uses the twenty-six letters of the Latin alphabet.

Thus, the single letter ‘d’ in the word ‘dog’ represents a single sound, whereas in the word ‘shout’), we use the digraph (two letters) ‘sh’. Be careful not to hyphenate all adjectives in a list. For example, take the sentence: ‘the small, frightened, ginger cat ran up the long, dark, concrete path’. In this sentence, each adjective here stands alone and is not compounded with any other adjective. wprowadzić treść do sprawdzenia. Jeśli tekst jest długi, warto przełączyć widok na tryb pełnoekranowy, używając przycisku „Pełny ekran”; Another example is the pair of homophones plain and plane, where both are pronounced the same but their difference in meaning is marked by their different orthographic representations.

If we changed the sentence to include compound adjectives, it could read like this: ‘the short-tailed ginger cat ran up the pitch-dark, tree-lined path’.

English has relatively complicated spelling rules because of the complex history of the English language. The the words ‘bough’, ‘trough’, through’, thorough’, ‘enough’ all contain the letters ‘ough’ yet have a different pronunciation. This can seem very confusing and illogical to EFL learners.

If we had not used the hyphen, it could mean that the pub’s ‘world charm’ is old. In other words, it can sometimes difficult to tell which words are the adjectives if we don’t use hyphens.

Hyphenation is used for clarity too. For example, in the sentence: ‘ the pub has an old-world charm’, the hyphen tells the reader that the pub’s appeal lies in its ‘old world’ charm.They had a long-standing friendship’– without the hyphen it could mean the ‘standing friendship’ is long. For example, the words ‘hour’ and ‘our’ are pronounced identically in some accents. However, they are distinguished from each other in English orthography by the addition of the letter ‘h’. The written form of communication is perhaps the most problematic area of language learning for non-native English speakers. The English Writing System Spelling may also be used to distinguish between English homophones (words with the same pronunciation but different meanings).

However, when used in the words ‘Ghana’, ‘ghetto’ or ‘ghost’, the diagraph ‘gh’ rhymes with the ‘g’ in ‘garden’, (a hard ‘g’) because it is used at the start of the word. Explore more about the connection between spelling and pronunciation in our English phonology section. There are many spellings in the English language which do not look at all like they sound. There are functionless letters, such as the ‘b’ in ‘debt’ (from Latin ‘debitum’) the ‘s’ in ‘island’ (from the Latin insula instead of the more useful Norse igland).

Another example of unresolved homophones in English orthography is the word ‘bay’, which has many meanings (i.e. a recess, a parking space, a kind of herb, a wide inlet of sea, a noise from an animal, a kind of tree and a colour). Prefixes are hyphenated in English writing when it would be confusing to leave the hyphen out. For example: ‘He re-covered the chair’ means he put a new covering on the chair. The Old-English professor’– without the hyphen it could mean the ‘English professor’ is old (we could also mean the old professor is from England), when we really want to talk about a professor who is a specialist in ‘ Old English‘. When an ‘e’ is sounded, it usually denotes that the word is of foreign extraction, for example, when using an accent on words such as ‘cafe’.