Romans at War: The Roman Military in the Republic and Empire

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a b De Ruggiero, Paolo (2014). Mark Antony: A Plain Blunt Man. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. pp.44–45. ISBN 9781473834569 . Retrieved 19 July 2019. The first non-apocryphal Roman wars were wars of both expansion and defence, aimed at protecting Rome itself from neighbouring cities and nations and establishing its territory in the region. [32] Florus writes that at this time "their neighbours, on every side, were continually harassing them, as they had no land of their own... and as they were situated, as it were, at the junction of the roads to Latium and Etruria, and, at whatever gate they went out, were sure to meet a foe." [33] century BC [ edit ] Roman expansion in Italy from 500 BC to 218 BC through the Latin War (light red), Samnite Wars (pink/orange), Pyrrhic War (beige), and First and Second Punic War (yellow and green). Cisalpine Gaul (238-146 BC) and Alpine valleys (16-7 BC) were later added. The Roman Republic in 500 BC is marked with dark red. Florus (1889). Epitome of Roman History. Trans. John Selby Watson. London: George Bell & Sons – via Wikisource. Goldsmith, Raymond W. (8 March 2005). "An Estimate of the Size and Structure of the National Product of the Early Roman Empire". Review of Income and Wealth. 30 (3): 263–288. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00552.x.

BC – Battle of Baecula – Romans in Hispania ( Iberia) under P. Cornelius Scipio the Younger defeat Hasdrubal Barca. BC – Battle of Beneventum – Inconclusive encounter between Pyrrhus and the Romans under Manius Curius.BC – Battle of Alesia – Caesar defeats the Gallic rebel Vercingetorix, completing the Roman conquest of Gallia Comata. In 115 AD, revolt broke out again in the province, leading to the second Jewish-Roman war known as the Kitos War, and again in 132 AD in what is known as Bar Kokhba's revolt. Both were brutally crushed. Subsequently, the Latin cities of Corniculum, old Ficulea, Cameria, Crustumerium, Ameriola, Medullia and Nomentum were subdued and became Roman. [24] Servius Tullius (Ruled 578–535 BC) [ edit ] The Cimbrian War (113–101 BC) was a far more serious affair than the earlier clashes of 121 BC. The Germanic tribes of the Cimbri [179] and the Teutons or Teutones [179] migrated from northern Europe into Rome's northern territories, [180] where they clashed with Rome and her allies. [181] The Cimbrian War was the first time since the Second Punic War that Italia and Rome itself had been seriously threatened, and caused great fear in Rome. [181] The opening action of the Cimbrian War, the Battle of Noreia in 112 BC, ended in defeat and near disaster for the Romans. In 105 BC the Romans were defeated at the Battle of Arausio and was the costliest Rome had suffered since the Battle of Cannae. After the Cimbri inadvertently granted the Romans a reprieve by diverting to plunder Iberia, [182] Rome was given the opportunity to carefully prepare for and successfully meet the Cimbri and Teutons [180] in the Battle of Aquae Sextiae [182] (102 BC) and the Battle of Vercellae [182] (101 BC) where both tribes were virtually annihilated, ending the threat. BC – Battle of the Muthul – Roman forces under Caecilius Metellus fight indecisively against the forces of Jugurtha of Numidia

BC – Battle of Longula – consul Lucius Aemilius Mamercus defeats the Volsci the day after his defeat in the Battle of Antium. About 154 BC, [128] a major revolt was re-ignited in Numantia, which is known as the First Numantine War, [127] and a long war of resistance was fought between the advancing forces of the Roman Republic and the Lusitani tribes of Hispania. The praetor Servius Sulpicius Galba and the proconsul Lucius Licinius Lucullus arrived in 151 BC and began the process of subduing the local population. [130] In 150 BC, Galba betrayed the Lusitani leaders he had invited to peace talks and had them killed, ingloriously ending the first phase of the war. [130] Battle of Orleans – Gallo-Roman and Salian Frank forces under the command of Aegidius defeated a force of Visigoths at Orleans. BC – Battle of Tigranocerta – Lucullus defeats the army of Tigranes II of Armenia, who was harbouring his father-in-law Mithridates. June – Battle of Samarra (363) – Julian fights the Sassanids and is subsequently killed in battle. Though indecisive, the battle leads to massive losses for the Roman Empire through a forced peace treaty.Livy (1905). From the Founding of the City. Trans. Canon Roberts – via Wikisource. (print: Book 1 as The Rise of Rome, Oxford University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-19-282296-9) Koepke, Nikola; Baten, Joerg (1 April 2008). "Agricultural specialization and height in ancient and medieval Europe". Explorations in Economic History. 45 (2): 127–146. doi: 10.1016/j.eeh.2007.09.003. Battle of Caer Caradoc – British chieftain Caractacus is defeated and captured by the Romans under Ostorius Scapula. Clades Lolliana (16 BC) – The troops of Consul Marcus Lollius are defeated by West Germanic warriors in Gaul.