Sea and Land: An Illustrated History of the Wonderful and Curious Things of Nature Existing Before and Since the Deluge (Classic Reprint)

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a b Prentice, I. C. (2001). "The carbon cycle and atmospheric carbon dioxide". Climate change 2001: the scientific basis: contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergouvernmental Panel on Climate Change / Houghton, J. T. [ed.] Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 September 2012. Several nomadic indigenous groups in Maritime Southeast Asia live in boats and derive nearly all they need from the sea. The Moken people live on the coasts of Thailand and Burma and islands in the Andaman Sea. [196] Some Sea Gypsies are accomplished free-divers, able to descend to depths of 30 metres (98ft), though many are adopting a more settled, land-based way of life. [197] [198]

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a b Westerdahl, Christer (1994). "Maritime cultures and ship types: brief comments on the significance of maritime archaeology". International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 23 (4): 265–270. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-9270.1994.tb00471.x. Bathymetry is the mapping and study of the topography of the ocean floor. Methods used for measuring the depth of the sea include single or multibeam echosounders, laser airborne depth sounders and the calculation of depths from satellite remote sensing data. This information is used for determining the routes of undersea cables and pipelines, for choosing suitable locations for siting oil rigs and offshore wind turbines and for identifying possible new fisheries. [121] Roach, John (17 September 2007). "Arctic Melt Opens Northwest Passage". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 30 January 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2013.Desalination is the technique of removing salts from seawater to leave fresh water suitable for drinking or irrigation. The two main processing methods, vacuum distillation and reverse osmosis, use large quantities of energy. Desalination is normally only undertaken where fresh water from other sources is in short supply or energy is plentiful, as in the excess heat generated by power stations. The brine produced as a by-product contains some toxic materials and is returned to the sea. [195] Indigenous sea peoples [ edit ]

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Main articles: Fishing, Whaling, Seal hunting, and Seaweed farming German factory ship, 92 metres (302ft) long

Karleskint, George; Turner, Richard L.; Small, James W. (2009). Introduction to Marine Biology. Cengage Learning. p.47. ISBN 978-0-495-56197-2. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022 . Retrieved 27 August 2020. Vukas, B. (2004). The Law of the Sea: Selected Writings. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p.271. ISBN 978-90-04-13863-6. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021 . Retrieved 22 January 2019. Sea and Land Project Engineering provides structural design and consultancy services to the offshore renewables industry. Public Record Office (1860). Calendar of state papers, domestic series, of the reign of Charles II: preserved in the state paper department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office, Volume 1. Longman, Green, Longman & Roberts. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021 . Retrieved 27 August 2020. a b c d "Ocean Currents". Ocean Explorer. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 April 2013.

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Invasive species". Water: Habitat Protection. Environmental Protection Agency. 6 March 2012. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 September 2013. Neulinger, Sven (2008–2009). "Cold-water reefs". CoralScience.org. Archived from the original on 2 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2013. Pidwirny, Michael (28 March 2013). "Plate tectonics". The Encyclopedia of Earth. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014 . Retrieved 20 September 2013. Ocean salinity". Science Learning Hub. Archived from the original on 12 August 2020 . Retrieved 2 July 2017. Swenson, Herbert. "Why is the ocean salty?". US Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 18 April 2001 . Retrieved 17 April 2013.Climate change is likely to reduce levels of oxygen in surface waters since the solubility of oxygen in water falls at higher temperatures. [38] Ocean deoxygenation is projected to increase hypoxia by 10%, and triple suboxic waters (oxygen concentrations 98% less than the mean surface concentrations), for each 1°C of upper-ocean warming. [39] Light [ edit ] Facts and figures on marine biodiversity". Marine biodiversity. UNESCO. 2012. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 July 2013. Marine primary producers–plants and microscopic organisms in the plankton–are widespread and very essential for the ecosystem. It has been estimated that half of the world's oxygen is produced by phytoplankton. [85] [86] About 45 percent of the sea's primary production of living material is contributed by diatoms. [87] Much larger algae, commonly known as seaweeds, are important locally; Sargassum forms floating drifts, while kelp form seabed forests. [82] :246–255 Flowering plants in the form of seagrasses grow in " meadows" in sandy shallows, [88] mangroves line the coast in tropical and subtropical regions [89] and salt-tolerant plants thrive in regularly inundated salt marshes. [90] All of these habitats are able to sequester large quantities of carbon and support a biodiverse range of larger and smaller animal life. [91]