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Bartels, Emily Carroll (2008). Speaking of the Moor. University of Pennsylvania Press. p.24. ISBN 978-0-8122-4076-4. Archived from the original on 14 July 2020 . Retrieved 22 October 2020. Roberts, Michael (1968). The Early Vasas: A History of Sweden, 1523–1611. Cambridge. pp.159, 207. ISBN 978-1-0012-9698-2. If the late queen would have believed her men of war as she did her scribes, we had in her time beaten that great empire in pieces and made their kings of figs and oranges as in old times. But her Majesty did all by halves, and by petty invasions taught the Spaniard how to defend himself, and to see his own weakness. [142] Elizabeth's ambassador in France was actively misleading her as to the true intentions of the Spanish king, who only tried to buy time for his great assault upon England [132] My lords, the law of nature moves me to sorrow for my sister; the burden that is fallen upon me makes me amazed, and yet, considering I am God's creature, ordained to obey His appointment, I will thereto yield, desiring from the bottom of my heart that I may have assistance of His grace to be the minister of His heavenly will in this office now committed to me. And as I am but one body naturally considered, though by His permission a body politic to govern, so shall I desire you all... to be assistant to me, that I with my ruling and you with your service may make a good account to Almighty God and leave some comfort to our posterity on earth. I mean to direct all my actions by good advice and counsel. [46]

Connects to National Rail Connects to National Rail Connects to London Overground Connects to London Overground Dates in this article before 14 September 1752 are in the Julian calendar and 1 January is treated as the beginning of the year, even though 25 March was treated as the beginning of the year in England during Elizabeth's life. Elizabeth II ( Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1925 – 8 September 2022) was Head of the Commonwealth and the Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms from 1952 until her death in 2022. [1] Some of the countries she was once Queen of are now republics and have a president as "Head of State". Some of them kept the Queen as "Head of State". Queen Elizabeth II was the only monarch of more than one independent nation. The old British Empire became the Commonwealth of Nations.

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Recent historians, however, have taken a more complicated view of Elizabeth. [143] Her reign is famous for the defeat of the Armada, and for successful raids against the Spanish, such as those on Cádiz in 1587 and 1596, but some historians point to military failures on land and at sea. [149] In Ireland, Elizabeth's forces ultimately prevailed, but their tactics stain her record. [222] Rather than as a brave defender of the Protestant nations against Spain and the Habsburgs, she is more often regarded as cautious in her foreign policies. She offered very limited aid to foreign Protestants and failed to provide her commanders with the funds to make a difference abroad. [223] Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour | English admiral". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020 . Retrieved 22 January 2020. Conspiracy theorists have proposed that Elizabeth, a gifted wit and writer herself, might have written some or all of Shakespeare’s plays. This argument often has classist origins – many scholars have been reluctant to ascribe some of the greatest works of literature of all time to the son of a glover from Stratford – and is almost certainly false. Elizabeth was a survivor - FACT

The age of Elizabeth was redrawn as one of chivalry, epitomised by courtly encounters between the queen and sea-dog "heroes" such as Drake and Raleigh. Some Victorian narratives, such as Raleigh laying his cloak before the queen or presenting her with a potato, remain part of the myth. [218] John Cramsie, in reviewing the recent scholarship in 2003, argued "the period 1585–1603 is now recognised by scholars as distinctly more troubled than the first half of Elizabeth's long reign. Costly wars against Spain and the Irish, involvement in the Netherlands, socio-economic distress, and an authoritarian turn by the regime all cast a pall over Gloriana's final years, underpinning a weariness with the queen's rule and open criticism of her government and its failures." [176]

Cotton, Belinda; Ramsey, Ron. "By Appointment: Norman Hartnell's sample for the Coronation dress of Queen Elizabeth II". National Gallery of Australia. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2010.

Courage of the Queen". Canadian Royal Heritage Trust. Archived from the original on 9 September 2007 . Retrieved 24 July 2007. One observer wrote that Ulster, for example, was "as unknown to the English here as the most inland part of Virginia". [152]Elizabeth I Was Likely Anything But a Virgin Queen". 4 February 2019. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020 . Retrieved 1 August 2020. De Maisse: a journal of all that was accomplished by Monsieur De Maisse, ambassador in England from King Henri IV to Queen Elizabeth, anno domini 1597, Nonesuch Press, 1931, pp. 25–26. Elizabeth's "commandment" was that her emissary read out her letters of disapproval publicly before the Dutch Council of State, Leicester having to stand nearby. [131] This public humiliation of her "Lieutenant-General" combined with her continued talks for a separate peace with Spain [k] irreversibly undermined Leicester's standing among the Dutch. The military campaign was severely hampered by Elizabeth's repeated refusals to send promised funds for her starving soldiers. Her unwillingness to commit herself to the cause, Leicester's own shortcomings as a political and military leader, and the faction-ridden and chaotic situation of Dutch politics led to the failure of the campaign. [133] Leicester finally resigned his command in December 1587. [134] Spanish Armada Portrait from 1586 to 1587, by Nicholas Hilliard, around the time of the voyages of Francis Drake

Forsey, Zoe (2020-07-24). "Queen's 'biggest regret' from her reign - and she still thinks about tragic day". mirror . Retrieved 2023-09-20. The metaphor of drama is an appropriate one for Elizabeth's reign, for her power was an illusion—and an illusion was her power. Like Henry IV of France, she projected an image of herself which brought stability and prestige to her country. By constant attention to the details of her total performance, she kept the rest of the cast on their toes and kept her own part as queen." [197] The Queen often met with leaders from other religions as well. In 1980, she became the first British Monarch to visit the Vatican, where she was welcomed by Pope John Paul II. She made another visit 20 years later on 17 October 2000. [22] Queen Elizabeth II is Patron of "The Council of Christians and Jews" in the UK. [23] Presidents, Vice Presidents and Board". Council of Christians and Jews. Archived from the original on 9 July 2009 . Retrieved 9 September 2007.In 1991, she became the first British monarch to speak to a joint session of the United States Congress. She goes to the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings. She is the most widely traveled head of state in history. [10] [12] Robert Dudley: Queen Elizabeth I's great love". Archived from the original on 8 August 2020 . Retrieved 1 August 2020. Elizabeth was born in her grandparents' home at Mayfair, London on 21 April 1925, although it was kept secret until a year later because her parents wanted everyone to think she was slightly younger. Her father was Prince Albert, Duke of York, who later became George VI. Her mother was Elizabeth, Duchess of York.