Janeway's Immunobiology

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HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4 T cells, increased susceptibility to opportunistic infection, and eventually to death The normal pathways for host defense against intracellular bacteria are illustrated by genetic deficiencies of IFN-γ and IL-12 and their receptors B cells develop in the bone marrow with the help of stromal cells and achieve maturity in peripheral lymphoid organs The peripheral lymphoid organs are specialized to trap antigen, to allow the initiation of adaptive immune responses, and to provide signals that sustain recirculating lymphocytes The variable chains of lymphocyte antigen receptors are associated with invariant accessory chains that carry out the signaling function of the receptor

T cells are specialized to recognize foreign antigens as peptide fragments bound to proteins of the major histocompatibility complex In immune individuals, secondary and subsequent responses are mediated solely by memory lymphocytes and not by naive lymphocytes

Excerpt

Co-stimulatory and inhibitory receptors modulate antigen receptor signaling in T and B lymphocytes.

Both specific ligand and co-stimulatory signals provided by an antigen-presenting cell are required for the clonal expansion of naive T cells T cells specific for self antigens can cause direct tissue injury and have a role in sustained autoantibody responsesFc receptors on phagocytes are activated by antibodies bound to the surface of pathogens and enable the phagocytes to ingest and destroy pathogens Rearrangement of the β-chain locus and production of a β chain trigger several events in developing thymocytes The immunoglobulin heavy-chain isotypes are distinguished by the structure of their constant regions The differentiation of CD4 T cells into T H 1 or T H 2 cells determines whether humoral or cell-mediated immunity will