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a b Gao Z, Xu Y, Sun C, Wang X, Guo Y, Qiu S, Ma K (February 2021). "A systematic review of asymptomatic infections with COVID-19". Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi. 54 (1): 12–16. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.05.001. PMC 7227597. PMID 32425996. In June, initial results from the randomised RECOVERY Trial in the United Kingdom showed that dexamethasone reduced mortality by one third for people who are critically ill on ventilators and one fifth for those receiving supplemental oxygen. [491] Because this is a well-tested and widely available treatment, it was welcomed by the WHO, which is in the process of updating treatment guidelines to include dexamethasone and other steroids. [492] [493] Based on those preliminary results, dexamethasone treatment has been recommended by the NIH for patients with COVID‑19 who are mechanically ventilated or who require supplemental oxygen but not in patients with COVID‑19 who do not require supplemental oxygen. [494] As is common with infections, there is a delay between the moment a person first becomes infected and the appearance of the first symptoms. The median delay for COVID-19 is four to five days [50] possibly being infectious on 1-4 of those days. [51] Most symptomatic people experience symptoms within two to seven days after exposure, and almost all will experience at least one symptom within 12 days. [50] [52]

Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK England Summary | Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK

Wen W, Zhang H, Zhou M, Cheng Y, Ye L, Chen J, etal. (November 2020). "Arrhythmia in patients with severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a meta-analysis". European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 24 (21): 11395–11401. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202011_23632. PMID 33215461. S2CID 227077132.

What to do if you have symptoms of COVID-19

In September 2020, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) endorsed the use of dexamethasone in adults and adolescents from twelve years of age and weighing at least 40 kilograms (88lb) who require supplemental oxygen therapy. [499] [500] Dexamethasone can be taken by mouth or given as an injection or infusion (drip) into a vein. [499] RT-PCR testing of untreated wastewater samples from Brazil and Italy have suggested detection of SARS-CoV-2 as early as November and December 2019, respectively, but the methods of such sewage studies have not been optimised, many have not been peer-reviewed, details are often missing, and there is a risk of false positives due to contamination or if only one gene target is detected. [449] A September 2020 review journal article said, "The possibility that the COVID‑19 infection had already spread to Europe at the end of last year is now indicated by abundant, even if partially circumstantial, evidence", including pneumonia case numbers and radiology in France and Italy in November and December. [450] Pardhan S, Vaughan M, Zhang J, Smith L, Chichger H (1 November 2020). "Sore eyes as the most significant ocular symptom experienced by people with COVID-19: a comparison between pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19 states". BMJ Open Ophthalmology. 5 (1): e000632. doi: 10.1136/bmjophth-2020-000632. PMC 7705420. PMID 34192153. Additionally, people with COVID‑19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have classical serum biomarkers of CRS, including elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), D-dimer, and ferritin. [148] Public Health Agency of Canada (3 November 2020). "COVID-19: Main modes of transmission". aem . Retrieved 18 May 2021.

BBC News Covid in Scotland: The latest cases - BBC News

Most critical respiratory comorbidities according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), are: moderate or severe asthma, pre-existing COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis. [381] Evidence stemming from meta-analysis of several smaller research papers also suggests that smoking can be associated with worse outcomes. [382] [383] When someone with existing respiratory problems is infected with COVID‑19, they might be at greater risk for severe symptoms. [384] COVID‑19 also poses a greater risk to people who misuse opioids and amphetamines, insofar as their drug use may have caused lung damage. [385] Half of young adults with COVID-19 had persistent symptoms after 6 months". medicalxpress.com . Retrieved 10 July 2021. Main article: COVID-19 drug repurposing research Seven possible drug targets in viral replication process and drugs The likelihood of new-onset, self-reported long COVID after a second coronavirus (COVID-19) infection compared with a first infection, using data from the COVID-19 Infection Survey. Experimental Statistics. Repurposed antiviral drugs make up most of the research into COVID‑19 treatments. [483] [484] Other candidates in trials include vasodilators, corticosteroids, immune therapies, lipoic acid, bevacizumab, and recombinant angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. [484]

What to do if you have tested positive

Niazkar HR, Zibaee B, Nasimi A, Bahri N (July 2020). "The neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a review article". Neurological Sciences. 41 (7): 1667–1671. doi: 10.1007/s10072-020-04486-3. PMC 7262683. PMID 32483687. Saniasiaya J, Islam MA (April 2021). "Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Meta-analysis of 27,492 Patients". The Laryngoscope. 131 (4): 865–878. doi: 10.1002/lary.29286. ISSN 0023-852X. PMC 7753439. PMID 33219539. The CDC states that avoiding crowded indoor spaces reduces the risk of COVID-19 infection. [227] When indoors, increasing the rate of air change, decreasing recirculation of air and increasing the use of outdoor air can reduce transmission. [227] [228] The WHO recommends ventilation and air filtration in public spaces to help clear out infectious aerosols. [229] [230] [231] Bourouiba L (13 July 2021). "Fluid Dynamics of Respiratory Infectious Diseases". Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 23 (1): 547–577. doi: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-111820-025044. hdl: 1721.1/131115. PMID 34255991. S2CID 235823756 . Retrieved 7 September 2021.