YSL Yves Saint Laurent Opium Pour Homme 100ml 3.3 fl.oz. Eau De Toilette Natural Spray

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In Eastern culture, opium is more commonly used in the form of paregoric to treat diarrhea. This is a weaker solution than laudanum, an alcoholic tincture which was prevalently used as a pain medication and sleeping aid. Tincture of opium has been prescribed for, among other things, severe diarrhea. [148] Taken thirty minutes prior to meals, it significantly slows intestinal motility, giving the intestines greater time to absorb fluid in the stool. Merlin, M. D. (September 2003). "Archaeological Evidence for the Tradition of Psychoactive Plant Use in the Old World". Economic Botany. 57 (3): 295–323. doi: 10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0295:aeftto]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0013-0001. JSTOR 4256701. S2CID 30297486 . Retrieved May 31, 2022. Opium is illegal in Australia. Federal and state laws provide penalties for possessing, using, cultivating or selling opium, or driving under its influence. Opium statistics The opium trade under the Chinese Communist Party was important to its finances in the 1940s. [82] Peter Vladimirov's diary provided a first hand account. [83] Chen Yung-fa provided a detailed historical account of how the opium trade was essential to the economy of Yan'an during this period. [84] Mitsubishi and Mitsui were involved in the opium trade during the Japanese occupation of China. [85]

The production methods have not significantly changed since ancient times. Through selective breeding of the Papaver somniferum plant, the content of the phenanthrene alkaloids morphine, codeine, and to a lesser extent thebaine has been greatly increased. In modern times, much of the thebaine, which often serves as the raw material for the synthesis for oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, and other semisynthetic opiates, originates from extracting Papaver orientale or Papaver bracteatum. Huxtable RJ, Schwarz SK: The isolation of morphine--first principles in science and ethics. Mol Interv. 2001 Oct;1(4):189-91. [ Article] Judis J: Binding of codeine, morphine, and methadone to human serum proteins. J Pharm Sci. 1977 Jun;66(6):802-6. [ Article]

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Produced by YSL, Opium pour Homme is a remarkable choice that will definitely win your heart. It has been turning heads since 1995. Often called toilet water before modern times, eaux de toilette, such as this one, are more toned down than EdPs and thus provide a shorter "staying time" of between 2-3 hours. Because they are light, they are a customary choice for office wear. A Harmonious Blend Windle J (2013). " 'Harms Caused by China's 1906–17 Opium Suppression Intervention' " (PDF). International Journal of Drug Policy. 24 (5): 498–505. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.03.001. PMID 23567100. Driscoll, Mark W. (2020). The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-1-4780-1121-7. The use of diethyl ether and chloroform for general anesthesia began in 1846–1847, and rapidly displaced the use of opiates and tropane alkaloids from Solanaceae due to their relative safety. [103] John K. Fairbanks, "The Creation of the Treaty System' in John K. Fairbanks, ed. The Cambridge History of China, vol. 10 Part 1 (Cambridge University Press, 1992) p. 213. cited in John Newsinger (October 1997). "Britain's opium wars – fact and myth about the opium trade in the East". Monthly Review. Archived from the original on February 13, 2006.

Duarte DF: [Opium and opioids: a brief history.]. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2005 Feb;55(1):135-46. [ Article]William Travis Hanes; Frank Sanello (2004). Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another. Sourcebooks, Inc. pp.78–. ISBN 978-1-4022-0149-3. Imports of opium into China stood at 200 chests annually in 1729, [1] when the first anti-opium edict was promulgated. [2] [3] By the time Chinese authorities reissued the prohibition in starker terms in 1799, [4] the figure had leaped; 4,500 chests were imported in the year 1800. [1] The decade of the 1830s witnessed a rapid rise in opium trade, [5] and by 1838, just before the First Opium War, it had climbed to 40,000 chests. [5] The rise continued on after the Treaty of Nanking (1842) that concluded the war. By 1858 annual imports had risen to 70,000 chests (4,480 long tons (4,550t)), approximately equivalent to global production of opium for the decade surrounding the year 2000. [6]

Kiple, Kenneth F. (2007). A Movable Feast: Ten Millennia of Food Globalization. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511512148. ISBN 978-0-521-79353-7. OL 5367545W. Wikidata Q111679724. a b Hammond, Ken (2023). China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future. New York, NY: 1804 Books. ISBN 9781736850084. David William Bebbington (1993). William Ewart Gladstone: Faith and Politics in Victorian Britain. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp.108–. ISBN 978-0-8028-0152-4. Dr Roland Quinault; Dr Ruth Clayton Windscheffel; Mr Roger Swift (July 28, 2013). William Gladstone: New Studies and Perspectives. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp.238–. ISBN 978-1-4094-8327-4.Lowes, Peter D. (1966). The Genesis of International Narcotics Control. Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-04030-3. Struempler RE: Excretion of codeine and morphine following ingestion of poppy seeds. J Anal Toxicol. 1987 May-Jun;11(3):97-9. [ Article] Use of opium as a cure-all was reflected in the formulation of mithridatium described in the 1728 Chambers Cyclopedia, which included true opium in the mixture. Opium was prohibited in many countries during the early 20th century, leading to the modern pattern of opium production as a precursor for illegal recreational drugs or tightly regulated, highly taxed, legal prescription drugs. In 1980, 2,000 tons of opium supplied all legal and illegal uses. [20] Worldwide production in 2006 was 6610 tonnes [107]—about one-fifth the level of production in 1906; since then, opium production has fallen. [ citation needed] Beginning in 1915, Chinese nationalist groups came to describe the period of military losses and Unequal Treaties as the "Century of National Humiliation", later defined to end with the conclusion of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. [78]

During the Communist era in Eastern Europe, poppy stalks sold in bundles by farmers were processed by users with household chemicals to make kompot (" Polish heroin"), and poppy seeds were used to produce koknar, an opiate. [99] Obsolescence [ edit ] Apothecary vessel for storage of opium as a pharmaceutical, Germany, 18th or 19th century Hall, Wayne; Weier, Megan (2017). "Lee Robins' studies of heroin use among US Vietnam veterans". Addiction. 112 (1): 177. doi: 10.1111/add.13584. PMID 27650054. S2CID 206974500 . Retrieved July 26, 2022. Though opium yields vary based on growing conditions, 2.5 acres (1 hectare) of poppies typically produce between 17.6 and 33 lbs. (8 to 15 kilograms) of raw opium, according to the book " Opium: A History" (St. Martin's Griffin, 1999). Estimated yields of heroin from raw opium are between 6 percent and 10 percent. Thus, the acre of poppies found in North Carolina would yield a little more than 13 lbs. (6 kg) of raw opium and 1.3 lbs. (0.6 kg) of heroin in a full growing season in the best of circumstances.

Globally, opium has gradually been superseded by a variety of purified, semi-synthetic, and synthetic opioids with progressively stronger effects, and by other general anesthetics. This process began in 1804, when Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertürner first isolated morphine from the opium poppy. [100] [101] Modern vial of morphine first isolated from opium by Friedrich Sertürner Hardening of Canadian attitudes toward Chinese opium users and fear of a spread of the drug into the white population led to the effective criminalization of opium for nonmedical use in Canada between 1908 and the mid-1920s. [92] Baumler, Alan (2001). Modern China and Opium: A Reader. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472067688. Opium timeline". The Golden Triangle. Archived from the original on April 20, 2009 . Retrieved September 13, 2009.