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Under the wars of Louis XV (r. 1715–1774), France lost New France and most of its Indian possessions after its defeat in the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). Its European territory kept growing, however, with notable acquisitions such as Lorraine (1766) and Corsica (1770). An unpopular king, Louis XV's weak rule, his ill-advised financial, political and military decisions—as well as the decadence of his court—discredited the monarchy, which arguably paved the way for the French Revolution 15 years after his death. [59]

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France's tally of COVID-related deaths stands at more than 42,000 - about 8,000 fewer than the UK - but it has the highest cumulative cases in Europe at 1.86 million. The Réseau Express Régional ( French pronunciation: [ʁezo ɛkspʁɛs ʁeʒjɔnal]; English: Regional Express Network), commonly abbreviated RER ( pronounced [ɛʁ.ə.ɛʁ]), is a hybrid commuter rail and rapid transit system serving Paris and its suburbs. It acts as a combined city-center underground rail system and suburbs-to-city-center commuter rail. In the city center, it acts as a faster counterpart of the Paris Métro, having fewer stops. The Train Court square at the bottom right hand corner, when lit, signifies that the next train will be “short” meaning it will have fewer train cars than the length of the platform. It would be wise to stay away from the ends of platform when the next train is court as you’ll need to run towards the middle of the platform to get onto the fewer train cars available. Large, Pierre-François (2013). Des Halles au Forum: Métamorphose au coeur de Paris. Harmattan. p.102.RER stations in Paris can also be found within large train stations ( gare) such as Gare du Nord. Here is an example of a combined Transilien & RER sign at Gare du Nord showing lines RER B, D & E: After about 5 months with these two (and after I could readily understand the first 20 InnerFrench podcasts) I was ready to try Build a Strong Core again. This time I was quite surprised at how easy it was to understand. Compelling comprehensible input works! Main article: Economy of France Overview La Défense was in 2017 ranked by Ernst & Young as the leading central business district in continental Europe, and the fourth in the world. [175] Vitry, Chloé; Sage, Daniel J. (2018). Societies Under Construction. Springer International. ISBN 978-3319739960.

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Until the western section is in service, neither of the eastern extensions can be put into service, as the Haussmann - St Lazare station is at maximum capacity because all trains are currently forced to turn around at this station. Once the western extension is in service, Haussmann - St Lazare will become a through station and the eastern extensions will be possible. One of the primary reasons for the completion of Line E through Paris is to relieve overcrowding on Line A, especially during peak commute periods. Construction of the westward extension began in 2013, with the inauguration currently planned for 2023. [ citation needed] The legislature consists of the French Parliament, a bicameral body made up of a lower house, the National Assembly ( Assemblée nationale) and an upper house, the Senate. [127] Legislators in the National Assembly, known as députés, represent local constituencies and are directly elected for five-year terms. [128] The Assembly has the power to dismiss the government by majority vote. Senators are chosen by an electoral college for six-year terms, with half the seats submitted to election every three years. [129] The Senate's legislative powers are limited; in the event of disagreement between the two chambers, the National Assembly has the final say. [130] The parliament is responsible for determining the rules and principles concerning most areas of law, political amnesty, and fiscal policy; however, the government may draft specific details concerning most laws.Main article: French architecture Saint Louis's Sainte-Chapelle represents the French impact on religious architecture. Many Paris RER stations have multiple exits ( sorties) which can be up to ten minutes walk apart (such as at Chatelet Les Halles). Exit maps can be found near station exits which help you get your bearings before leaving the station. Exits will be marked in blue and often have a number and exit number associated with them: The RER runs from 6 minutes to 15 minutes between trains during rush hour and off-hours. What time is the first RER B? During the May 1958 crisis, the weak and unstable Fourth Republic gave way to the Fifth Republic, which included a strengthened presidency. [74] In the latter role, de Gaulle managed to keep the country together while taking steps to end the Algerian War. The war was concluded with the Évian Accords in 1962 which led to Algerian independence. Algerian independence came at a high price: it resulted in between half a million and one million deaths and over 2million internally displaced Algerians. [75] Around one million Pied-Noirs and Harkis fled from Algeria to France upon independence. [76] A vestige of the colonial empire are the French overseas departments and territories.