The Roman Salute: Cinema, History, Ideology

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Reynoldson, Fiona (1996). "The Nazi Regime 1933–1945". In Rosemary Rees (ed.). Weimar and Nazi Germany. Oxford Illustrated Histories. Heinemann. p.42. ISBN 9780435308605. a b c Sehmer, Alexander (20 July 2015). "Countries where Nazi salute is illegal". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015 . Retrieved 14 June 2018. Texas high school students hold up Nazi salute in a class photo". USA Today. 3 February 2017. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023 . Retrieved 3 February 2017. In Germany, usage that is "ironic and clearly critical of the Hitler Greeting" is exempt, which has led to legal debates as to what constitutes ironic use. [79] One case involved Prince Ernst August of Hanover who was brought to court after using the gesture as a commentary on the behavior of an unduly zealous airport baggage inspector. [79] On 23 November 2007, the Amtsgericht Cottbus sentenced Horst Mahler to six months of imprisonment without parole for having, according to his own claims, ironically performed the Hitler salute when reporting to prison for a nine-month term a year earlier. [80] The following month, a pensioner named Roland T was given a prison term of five months for, amongst other things, training his dog Adolf to raise his right paw in a Nazi salute every time the command "Heil Hitler!" was uttered. [81] The French salute is performed with a flat hand, palm facing forwards; the upper arm is horizontal and the tips of the fingers come near the corner of the eyes. The hand, unlike the British salute, remains at a 45-degree angle in line with the lower arm. The five fingers are lined together. It mirrors the gesture made by knights greeting each other, raising their visors to show their faces. [ citation needed] A crisp tension may be given when the salute is taken or broken.

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State defense forces soldiers are subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice. [37] They are also subject to their state military laws and regulations and render the same customs and courtesies as active duty, Reserve and National Guard personnel. In the Marvel Comics universe, members of the organisation Hydra salute in a similar way to a Nazi salute, but instead raise both hands with fists clenched, chanting "Hail Hydra". Staff (27 September 1933). "Nazi Salute Banned in Prisons". The New York Times. p.12 . Retrieved 26 February 2010. In 1935, at the end of Hans Spemann’s acceptance speech for the Nobel Prize, he gave a Nazi salute. [61]

Sgt. Bobby Yarbrough (23 October 2013). "Saluting the colors [Image 9 of 10]". Dvids . Retrieved 12 November 2018. Dougherty, Martin (2008). Weapons and Fighting Techniques of the Medieval Warrior 1000–1500 AD. Chartwell Books. p.53. ISBN 9780785834250. Hand salutes are normally carried out by bringing the right hand to the head in some way, the precise manner varying between countries and sometimes amongst various branches of the armed forces of the same country. The British Army's salute is almost identical to the French salute, with the palm facing outward. The customary salute in the Polish Armed Forces is the two-fingers salute, a variation of the British military salute with only two fingers extended. In the Russian military, the right hand, palm down, is brought to the right temple, almost, but not quite, touching; the head has to be covered. In the Hellenic Army salute, the palm is facing down and the fingers point to the coat of arms. On 11 March 1945, less than two months before the capitulation of Nazi Germany, a memorial for the dead of the war was held in Marktschellenberg, a small town near Hitler's Berghof residence. [44] The British historian Ian Kershaw remarks that the power of the Führer cult and the "Hitler Myth" had vanished, which is evident from this report:

Dispelling Some Myths: Saluting - Tastes Of History Dispelling Some Myths: Saluting - Tastes Of History

Within the United States military, the salute is a courteous exchange of greetings. With the HDB individual salute, the head and eyes are turned toward the Colors or person saluted. Military personnel in uniform are required to salute when they meet and recognize persons entitled to a salute, except when it is inappropriate or impractical (in public conveyances such as planes and buses, in public places such as inside theaters, or when driving a vehicle). [33]Persons entitled to the salute include commissioned officers, warrant officers, the President of the United States, officers of friendly foreign nations, and recipients of the Medal of Honor (including enlisted personnel). [34] [35] Additionally, the flag of the United States is saluted during parades and other ceremonial functions. [35] Beginning with Jacques-Louis David's painting The Oath of the Horatii (1784), an association of the gesture with Roman republican and imperial culture emerged. The gesture and its identification with Roman culture were further developed in other neoclassic artworks. In the United States, a similar salute for the Pledge of Allegiance known as the Bellamy salute was created by Francis Bellamy in 1892. The gesture was further elaborated upon in popular culture during the late 19th and early 20th centuries in plays and films that portrayed the salute as an ancient Roman custom. These included the 1914 Italian film Cabiria whose intertitles were written by the nationalist poet Gabriele d'Annunzio. In 1919, d'Annunzio adopted the cinematographically depicted salute as a neo-imperial ritual when he led an occupation of Fiume. On Remembrance Day, 2009, The Prince of Wales attended the national ceremony in Ottawa with Governor General Michaëlle Jean—both wearing Canadian military dress. CBC live television coverage of the event noted that, when Prince Charles saluted, he performed the Canadian form of the salute with a cupped hand (the British "naval salute"—appropriate, as he did his military service as an officer in the Royal Navy), adopted by all elements of the Canadian Forces after unification in 1968, rather than the British (Army) form with the palm facing forward. The European formal greeting used from men to women can be transformed into an obeisance gesture by holding the suzerain's hand with both hands. This kind of respect is due to kings, princes, sovereigns (in their kingdoms), archbishops (in their metropolitan province) or the Pope (everywhere). In ultra-formal ceremonies (a coronation, oath of allegiance or episcopal inauguration) the right knee shall touch the ground. Feldherrnhalle (Field Marshal's Hall) – Odeonsplatz". 2007. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010.

Italian far-right activists perform the fascist salute at Italian far-right activists perform the fascist salute at

Felipe Rosa Machado (15 August 2014). "Argentina vs Bosnia, entrance plus Argentina Anthem". Archived from the original on 11 December 2021 – via YouTube. a b Mommsen, Hans (2003). The Third Reich Between Vision and Reality: New Perspectives on German History 1918–1945. German Historical Perspectives. Vol.12. Berg Publishers. p.28. ISBN 9781859736272.

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Stephanie Gutmann. The other war: Israelis, Palestinians, and the struggle for media supremacy. p. 26 School district: Free-speech protects those in viral photo". AP NEWS. 23 November 2018. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 23 November 2018. In Germany showing the Roman salute is today prohibited by law. Those rendering similar salutes, for example raising the left instead of the right hand, or raising only three fingers, are liable to prosecution. The punishment derives from § 86a of the German Criminal Code and can be up to three years imprisonment or a fine (in minor cases). [47] Airline industry [ edit ] a b c d e Winkler, Martin M. (2009). The Roman Salute: Cinema, History, Ideology. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8142-0864-9.

Who, What, Why: Can you accidentally do a Nazi salute? - BBC

Rechtsextremismus– Straftaten". hagalil.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2010.

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Royal Navy (2 August 2017). "Duke of Edinburgh receives Royal's salute at last public engagement". Royal Navy . Retrieved 12 November 2018. I also do not comprehend that people would believe that someone with a Jewish aunt would in any way go out to deliberately offend people. Queen Nazi salute film: Palace 'disappointed' at use". BBC News. 18 July 2015. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 July 2015. German gig shut down by police after crowd chants Nazi slogan 'sieg heil' ". Sky News. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023 . Retrieved 8 July 2023.