Year of the Elephant: A Moroccan Woman's Journey Toward Independence (Modern Middle East Literature in Translation Series) (Modern Middle Eastern Literatures in Translation Series)

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Sunan Abu Dawood 2017 In-book reference: Book 11, Hadith 297 English translation: Book 10, Hadith 2012 a b c d Cantalapiedra, Juan L.; Sanisidro, Óscar; Zhang, Hanwen; Alberdi, María T.; Prado, José L.; Blanco, Fernando; Saarinen, Juha (1 July 2021). "The rise and fall of proboscidean ecological diversity". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 5 (9): 1266–1272. doi: 10.1038/s41559-021-01498-w. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 34211141. S2CID 235712060. Lujan, E. R.; Bernabe, A. "Ivory and horn production in Mycenaean texts". Kosmos. Jewellery, Adornment and Textiles in the Aegean Bronze Age. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021 . Retrieved 22 January 2013. Scott Fitzgerald Johnson (ed.) (2015) The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press. p. 285. ISBN 019027753X

McNeely, J. A. "Elephants in Folklore, Religion and Art". Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild. pp.158–165. Reynolds, Gabriel Said "The Qur'an and the Bible: Text and commentary" Yale University Press, 2018, p. 929. Abd al-Muttalib replied: I am the lord of the camels and The House (Ka'ba) has a Lord who will protect it. [5] Romano, Marco; Manucci, Fabio; Palombo, Maria Rita (4 March 2021). "The smallest of the largest: new volumetric body mass estimate and in-vivo restoration of the dwarf elephant Palaeoloxodon ex gr. P. falconeri from Spinagallo Cave (Sicily)". Historical Biology. 33 (3): 340–353. doi: 10.1080/08912963.2019.1617289. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 181855906. At the other end there is the group of writers and storytellers like Mohammed Mrabet and Mohammed Choukri, whose works have been translated from Arabic into English by the American expatriate author Paul Bowles. Their narratives stem directly from Morocco's rich oral tradition, and indeed are often recorded and then transcribed rather than written. Apart from differences in language and methodology, Moroccan literature also encompasses a wide variety of aesthetics, from Ben Jelloun's dreamlike tales to the sharp and cynical styles of Chraibi and Serhane and the colorful depictions of the seedier side of life in Tangier and the Rif by Mrabet et al.Hamiduddin Farahi, translated by Tariq Mahmood Hashmi (2008). Exordium to coherence in the Quran: an English translation of Fātiḥah Niẓām al-Qurʼān (1sted.). Lahore: al-Mawrid. ISBN 978-969-8799-57-1. Male: 261–289cm (8ft 7in– 9ft 6in) (shoulder height), 3.5–4.6t (3.9–5.1 short tons) (weight); Female: 228–252cm (7ft 6in– 8ft 3in) (shoulder height), 2.3–3.1t (2.5–3.4 short tons) (weight). [32]

Abraha ( Ge’ez: አብርሃ) (also spelled Abreha, died after 570 CE [1] [2]), also known as Abrahah al-Ashram ( Arabic: أَبْرَهَة ٱلْأَشْرَم), was an Abyssinian viceroy of South Arabia for the Kingdom of Aksum. [3] Abraha ruled parts of southern Arabia including much of what is now Yemen from around 531–547 CE to around 555–570 CE. The royal title adopted by Abraha is similar to that of his immediate predecessors and to that of Kaleb of Axum, "King of Saba' and dhü-Raydän and Hadhramaut and Yamanat and of their Arabs on the plateau and the lowland". [4] Yokoyama, S.; Takenaka, N.; Agnew, D. W.; Shoshani, J. (2005). "Elephants and human color-blind deuteranopes have identical sets of visual pigments". Genetics. 170 (1): 335–344. doi: 10.1534/genetics.104.039511. PMC 1449733. PMID 15781694. Nance, Susan (2013). Entertaining Elephants: Animal Agency and the Business of the American Circus. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013.

a b Stuart Munro-Hay (2003) "Abraha" in Siegbert Uhlig (ed.) Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Bhallaa, S.; Wittemyera, G.; Vollratha, F. (2006). "Behavioural reactions of elephants towards a dying and deceased matriarch" (PDF). Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 100 (1): 87–102. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2012. Led by a matriarch, elephants are organized into complex social structures of females and calves, while male elephants tend to live in isolation or in small bachelor groups a b Huggler, J. (12 October 2006). "Animal Behaviour: Rogue Elephants". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 June 2007.

Highfield, R. (17 February 2006). "Elephant rage: they never forgive, either". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2007. a b Van Riper; A. B. (2002). Science in Popular Culture: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Press. pp.73–75. ISBN 978-0-313-31822-1. a b Anon (2010). Mammal Anatomy: An Illustrated Guide. Marshall Cavendish. p.59. ISBN 978-0-7614-7882-9. Al-Qullays gained widespread fame, even gaining the notice of the Byzantine Empire. [1] The Arab people of the time had their own center of religious worship and pilgrimage in Mecca, the Kaaba. [1] Abraha attempted to divert their pilgrimage to al-Qullays and appointed a man named Muhammad ibn Khuza'i [6] to Mecca and Tihamah as a king with a message that al-Qullays was both much better than other houses of worship and purer, having not been defiled by the housing of idols. [1] Herbest, C. T.; Stoeger, A.; Frey, R.; Lohscheller, J.; Titze, I. R.; Gumpenberger, M.; Fitch, W. T. (2012). "How Low Can You Go? Physical Production Mechanism of Elephant Infrasonic Vocalizations". Science. 337 (6094): 595–599. Bibcode: 2012Sci...337..595H. doi: 10.1126/science.1219712. PMID 22859490. S2CID 32792564.

McComb, K.; Shannon, G.; Durant, S. M.; Sayialel, K.; Slotow, R.; Poole, J.; Moss, C. (2011). "Leadership in elephants: the adaptive value of age" (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1722): 3270–3276. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0168. PMC 3169024. PMID 21411454. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2013 . Retrieved 26 December 2012. Elephant Reproduction Project: The Estrous Cycle of Elephants". Smithsonian National Zoo. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012 . Retrieved 8 October 2012. Kellogg, M.; Burkett, S.; Dennis, T. R.; Stone, G.; Gray, B. A.; McGuire, P. M.; Zori, R. T.; Stanyon, R. (2007). "Chromosome painting in the manatee supports Afrotheria and Paenungulata". Evolutionary Biology. 7: 6. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-6. PMC 1784077. PMID 17244368. Lister, Adrian M. (2004), "Ecological Interactions of Elephantids in Pleistocene Eurasia", Human Paleoecology in the Levantine Corridor, Oxbow Books, pp.53–60, ISBN 978-1-78570-965-4 , retrieved 14 April 2020 Herbest, C. T.; Švec, J. G.; Lohscheller, J.; Frey, R.; Gumpenberger, M.; Stoeger, A.; Fitch, W. T. (2013). "Complex Vibratory Patterns in an Elephant Larynx". Journal of Experimental Biology. 216 (21): 4054–4064. doi: 10.1242/jeb.091009. PMID 24133151.

Males (bulls) leave their family groups when they reach puberty and may live alone or with other males. Adult bulls mostly interact with family groups when looking for a mate. They enter a state of increased testosterone and aggression known as musth, which helps them gain dominance over other males as well as reproductive success. Calves are the centre of attention in their family groups and rely on their mothers for as long as three years. Elephants can live up to 70 years in the wild. They communicate by touch, sight, smell, and sound; elephants use infrasound and seismic communication over long distances. Elephant intelligence has been compared with that of primates and cetaceans. They appear to have self-awareness, and possibly show concern for dying and dead individuals of their kind. Martin, E. B. "The Rise and Fall of the Ivory Market". Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild. pp.202–207.O'Connell-Rodwell C. E.; Arnason, B.; Hart, L. A. (2000). "Seismic properties of Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus) vocalizations and locomotion". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 108 (6): 3066–3072. Bibcode: 2000ASAJ..108.3066O. doi: 10.1121/1.1323460. PMID 11144599.