Vaccine development is branching out from the time-tested methods of using live attenuated strains of the disease-causing agent, or a part of the virus which is antigenic, to recombinant vaccines that depend on the production of viral antigens by bacterial or yeast cells into which the genes encoding these antigens are inserted. Another approach is to create vaccines from the genetic code of the virus itself. Transcutaneous delivery is the ideal method for delivering therapeutic reagents or vaccines into skin. With their promise of self-administration, cost-effective and high efficiency, microneedle patches have been studied intensively as therapeutic and vaccination delivery platform that replaces injection by syringe. This review aims to summarize the recent advancements of microneedle patches in application for drugs and vaccine delivery. Some people described faint redness in the area of their skin where the patch had been as well as mild itching that lasted two to three days. But overall, the researchers found that giving the flu vaccine by the microneedle patch was safe, with no serious related side effects. More than 70% of those receiving the patch said they would prefer the flu vaccine patch over the flu shot or nasal spray flu vaccine. “This bandage-strip sized patch of painless and dissolvable needles can transform how we get vaccinated,” says NIBIB Director Dr. Roderic I. Pettigrew. “A particularly attractive feature is that this vaccination patch could be delivered in the mail and self-administered. In addition, this technology holds promise for delivering other vaccines in the future.” The researchers assigned 100 adults to four random groups: a flu vaccine patch applied by a health care provider; a flu vaccine patch applied by the study participant; a flu shot given by a health care provider; and a placebo patch applied by a health care provider. The team analyzed blood samples for immune responses to the flu vaccine. They found that immune responses were similar for those receiving a vaccine patch or shot. Even participants who applied the patch themselves showed robust immune responses. In contrast to ISF extraction, microneedles functionalized with biorecognition elements can specifically capture target biomarkers in ISF, which can be followed by ex vivo analysis 17, 18. Direct exposure of microneedles to ISF allows the biorecognition elements on the microneedle to capture target biomarkers in situ, thus offering a promising technology for simple and efficient biodetection. However, physiological concentrations of the protein biomarkers in the ISF are usually lower compared to those in blood 4, 19. Moreover, analyte–antibody binding kinetics are deteriorated due to the dense tissue environment, which results in slower diffusion of target biomolecules to the sensor surface (that is, the microneedle surface), further lowering the probability of analyte capture and consequent signal intensity corresponding to the analyte. These challenges exacerbate the difficulty of detection of protein biomarkers in interstitial fluid. Despite the recent advances in multiplexed detection of biomarkers 20, the sensitivities of existing microneedle-based analytical methods are insufficient to detect (or quantify) most ISF protein biomarkers, which limits the development potential for diagnostic tests based on ISF biomarker levels. Most previous reports are limited to mice that have been intravenously injected with high concentrations of recombinant target markers as pseudo models, or to biomolecules present at relatively high levels (micrograms per millilitre in blood) 17. Finally, existing microneedle-based in vivo sampling and detection methods are limited to qualitative analysis in which the target biomarker concentration is represented as relative fluorescence intensity, absorbance value or normalized relative quantity 18, 20, 21. This limitation precludes quantitative comparisons of the biomarker concentrations across different experiments and across different laboratories for biomedical research and decreases opportunities for standardization of the cut-off values for clinical biomarkers.

Microneedle patch for flu vaccine | National Institutes of

Peyraud, N. et al. Potential use of microarray patches for vaccine delivery in low- and middle- income countries. Vaccine 37, 4427–4434 (2019). BALB/C mice were injected intraperitoneally with LPS (1 μg g −1) to induce an acute phase response and systemic inflammation. Using functionalized microneedle patches, we measured the longitudinal concentrations of mouse IL-6 in ISF, which is known to increase in serum over 4 h after LPS administration 34. Microneedle patches, pre-functionalized with IL-6-capture antibodies, were administered at different time points on mouse ventral skin and left undisturbed for 20 min (as indicated in Fig. 5b). After removing the microneedle patches from the skin, p-FLISA was performed ex vivo to measure the concentration of IL-6. Fluorescence intensity corresponding to the plasmonic fluors on the microneedle patches exhibited a gradual increase from 1 h to 4 h after LPS injection (Fig. 5c), whereas no significant change was observed in mice injected with saline (negative control group) (Fig. 5c and Supplementary Fig. 15). On the basis of the standard curve (obtained using microneedle patches exposed to known concentrations of IL-6), the concentrations of IL-6 in mouse ISF were determined to be equivalent to 2.6 ± 1.9, 12.3 ± 8.6, 120.4 ± 73.4 and 1271.9 ± 393.4 pg ml −1 at 0, 1, 2.5 and 4 h after LPS injection, respectively (Fig. 5d). Specificity tests also validated that other cytokines or chemokines, whose levels might also increase with LPS injection, do not interfere with the detection and quantification of IL-6 on microneedles (Supplementary Fig. 17 and Supplementary Table 2). The IL-6 concentration in sera collected 4 h after LPS or saline injection exhibited good qualitative correlation with that measured in ISF using the microneedle method at the same time point (Fig. 5e). However, the serum IL-6 concentration was found to be nearly 22-fold higher compared to that in the ISF. The absolute concentration of the protein biomarkers in ISF was lower than the concentration in blood, which can partly be ascribed to the difference between microneedle-based analyte sampling method and solution-based standard curve, as well as inherent variation of pro Anyone with acne prone skin needs to be careful of microneedling using a dermaroller as these devices can spread the acne causing bacteria around the skin, and potentially cause acne spots to spread. In a more recent adaptation of the microneedle design, dissolvable microneedles encapsulate the drug in a nontoxic polymer which dissolves once inside the skin. [1] This polymer would allow the drug to be delivered into the skin and could be broken down once inside the body. Pharmaceutical companies and researchers have begun to study and implement polymers such as Fibroin, a silk-based protein that can be molded into structures like microneedles and dissolved once in the body. [12] Hydrogel-forming [ edit ]Cramer, J. P. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of experimental stand-alone trivalent, inactivated Sabin-strain polio vaccine formulations in healthy infants: a randomized, observer-blind, controlled phase 1/2 trial. Vaccine 38, 5313–5323 (2020). Thomas, Liji. "Microneedle patches for potential COVID-19 vaccines or therapeutics". News-Medical. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20200409/Microneedle-patches-for-potential-COVID-19-vaccines-or-therapeutics.aspx. (accessed November 02, 2023).

PATCH PRO MICRO NEEDLE PATCH Trouble Dr. 18pcs, microneedle PATCH PRO MICRO NEEDLE PATCH Trouble Dr. 18pcs, microneedle

Jiang, V., Jiang, B., Tate, J., Parashar, U. D. & Patel, M. M. Performance of rotavirus vaccines in developed and developing countries. Hum. Vaccin. 6, 532–542 (2010). Interstitial fluid (ISF)—compared with other peripheral biofluids such as saliva, sweat and tears—is a particularly rich source of soluble bioanalytes including proteins, peptides, metabolites and nucleic acids that exhibits close correlation with blood 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. It also represents the locoregional biomolecular composition of specific tissues of interest, such as within the tumour microenvironment 7. Simple and effective methods that enable comprehensive analysis of ISF can lead to transformative advances in biodiagnostic technologies that are not only minimally invasive and pain free, but also ideally suited for point-of-care and resource-limited settings 8, 9, 10. Extraction of ISF followed by ex vivo analysis 11 has not been widely embraced in preclinical or clinical applications, largely because of (1) difficulty in extracting ISF, which is time consuming and requires bulky instruments 12, 13, 14 and (2) the small amount of ISF that can be extracted using current technology, making comprehensive analysis challenging 15. For example, microneedle-assisted extraction of ISF yields about 2 μl of biofluid from 4 cm 2 of human skin even after 20 min of vacuum suction, which is insufficient for comprehensive proteomic and metabolomic analysis 15. Indeed, in preclinical settings (for example, when using small animal models), to measure the concentration of target biomarkers, it is common to pool ISF from multiple subjects to obtain sufficient material, which inevitably masks the subject-to-subject biological variability 16. Storage, access, and control of medical records is an important topic with many possible approaches,” says Mark Prausnitz, chair of chemical and biomolecular engineering at Georgia Tech, who was not involved in the research. “This study presents a novel approach where the medical record is stored and controlled by the patient within the patient’s skin in a minimally invasive and elegant way.” Once the skin has this repair signal, it begins to stimulate skin cell renewal. It also begins to produce the proteins needed for repair, in particular the Holy Grail of skin proteins – collagen. What Are Microneedle Patches? Microneedling is a minimally invasive procedure that’s carried out in skin clinics and authorised beauty spas by trained specialists using specialist microneedling rollers, or dermarollers.Vaccine MAP developers are entering new territory with respect to manufacturing processes, capability, and infrastructure. Advanced pilot manufacturing runs will be required to demonstrate to, and assure, key players in the vaccine industry that a new vaccine MAP platform will be cost-effective to manufacture at scale compared with the existing well-established N&S.

No more big needles: scientists develop a skin patch that

The major difference between microneedling and microneedle patches is that microneedle patches cannot harm the skin and cause injury. Help! How Do I Decide Which Ones Are Best for Me? Wang, Y. et al. Skin vaccination against rotavirus using microneedles: proof of concept in gnotobiotic piglets. PLoS ONE 11, e0166038 (2016). The major goal of any microneedle design is to penetrate the skin's outermost layer, the stratum corneum (10-15μm). [9] Microneedles are long enough to cross the stratum corneum but not so long that they stimulate nerves which are located deeper in the tissues and therefore cause little to no pain. [8]Our next step is to continue to refine the microneedle platform and run animal studies before moving to human clinical trials,” said Dr Leese, adding: “I'm hopeful these patches will be ready for patient use within the next five to 10 years." Bachy, V. et al. Langerin negative dendritic cells promote potent CD8+ T-cell priming by skin delivery of live adenovirus vaccine microneedle arrays. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 110, 3041–3046 (2013). Tests using human cadaver skin showed that the quantum-dot patterns could be detected by smartphone cameras after up to five years of simulated sun exposure. They are also more affordable than other commercially available microneedle patches, as they are produced from 3D printed moulds. Moulds produced this way are easy to customise, which keeps the costs down. Painless delivery

Progress in microneedle array patch (MAP) for vaccine delivery Progress in microneedle array patch (MAP) for vaccine delivery

Microneedling involves a process of carefully inserting extremely fine needles into the skin. But before you reel away in horror, the tiny needles only enter just below the surface, so nowhere near anything like an injection or having a blood test. Vice Reversa Microneedle Wrinkle Eye Patches are fantastic at targeting fine lines around the eyes. In this review, we summarized the evolution, current and future application of microneedle patches as delivery vehicle for drugs and vaccines. Compared with traditional delivery tools, microneedle patches have many advantages, such as providing pain-free, non-invasive, convenient route for reagent administration and delivery, with no cold chain required for storage and transportation as well as decreasing sharp medical waste, needle-caused injury and transmission of blood-borne infectious disease in rural area. However, even though there are dramatic progress in preclinical investigation of microneedle patches, further testing will be required for clinical application. Further research should be implemented in multiple fields, such as vaccinology, immunology, and materials science, to improve this delivery platform. Because of their advantages in dose sparing, safety and treatment compliance, microneedle patches are expected to be widely applied in clinical treatment and vaccine administration in near future. A schematic diagram of microneedle (MN)-based drug delivery approaches with the cross section of the upper layer of the skin. The approaches are ( a) solid MNs, ( b) coated MNs, ( c) hollow MNs, ( d) dissolving MNs, and ( e) hydrogel-forming MNs. The step-by-step process of each delivery approach is numbered from 1 to 3. Representative microscopic images of MN types and examples of deliverable payloads such as drugs and bio-macromolecules are also shown. Images was adopted with permission from [ 42, 43]). Microneedle patches full of active ingredients designed to help manage spots and breakouts, reducing the time it takes for these pesky blemishes to disappear.

The speed of vaccine development and deployment in response to the COVID-19 outbreak has been remarkable. It has also laid bare many challenges in the delivery of vaccines to all the populations that need them. Mass vaccination of populations using N&S relies on trained health professionals, who are often in short supply, especially during pandemics. The need for multi-dose COVID vaccination regimens, including booster shots, and for billions of people around the world is predicted to exacerbate shortcomings in vaccination systems and extend to many vaccines beyond those to protect against SARS-CoV-2. The consequences of inadequate global vaccine coverage are already apparent for many diseases and progress in childhood vaccine coverage globally has already stalled, with an estimated 14.5 million ‘zero-dose’ children in 2019, i.e. children who did not receive a single dose of a diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis-containing vaccine (used as a measure of children not reached by routine vaccination services). 7 The emergence of successive variants of concern (VoCs) initiating new waves of SARS-CoV-2 infection is prolonging this pandemic, delaying global post-pandemic recovery and will have a continuing impact on vaccination systems around the world.