Lee, Geof (September 2010). "A Gypsy in the Family". Milton Keynes Heritage Association . Retrieved 24 December 2014.

a b Kalaydjieva, Luba; Morar, Bharti; Chaix, Raphaelle; Tang, Hua (October 2005). "A newly discovered founder population: the Roma/Gypsies". BioEssays. 27 (10): 1084–1094. doi: 10.1002/bies.20287. PMID 16163730.Germany and Romania in Deportation Pact". The New York Times. 24 September 1992. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. In The Corrupting Sea, Horden and Purcell presented a new vision of the premodern Mediterranean. They argued that its regional coherence was due to a distinctive regime of risk, logic of production, topographical fragmentation and connectivity. The Corrupting Sea (henceforth CS) was the self-described successor of Fernand Braudel, who in 1949 argued that the sixteenth-century Mediterranean possessed a ‘unity and coherence’ that allowed historians to write longue durée histories of the region in addition to histories of individuals, peoples and events within it. Footnote 12 Of the elements that make up Horden and Purcell's fourfold model, connectivity has been the most influential for how researchers think about the Mediterranean. The authors imported the concept from locational analysis to explain the various ways in which its microregions cohered internally and with each other. Footnote 13 They further argued that the degree to which connectivity characterised the region made it distinct from any other comparable area. Use of the concept now ranges from the strict sense that Horden and Purcell originally intended to a generalising descriptor for connected ness. Footnote 14 As Brent Shaw observed, CS is ‘one of those manifest watersheds in the study of antiquity’. Footnote 15 Fun and varied exercises include word identification, word manipulation, vocab acquisition / consolidation, and translation from English into Latin. A 2004 study by Morar et al. concluded that the Romanis are descended from "a founder population of common origins that has subsequently split into multiple socially divergent and geographically dispersed Romani groups". [18] The same study revealed that this population "was founded approximately 32–40 generations ago, with secondary and tertiary founder events occurring approximately 16–25 generations ago". [18]

The Romani have been described by Diana Muir Appelbaum as unique among peoples, because they have never identified themselves with a territory. They have no tradition of an ancient and distant homeland from which their ancestors migrated, nor do they claim the right to national sovereignty in any of the lands where they reside. Rather, Romani identity is bound up with the ideal of freedom expressed, in part, in having no ties to a homeland. [7] The absence of a written history has meant that the origin and early history of the Romani people was long an enigma. Indian origin was suggested on linguistic grounds as early as the late 18th century. [8] Russia also encouraged settlement of all nomads in 1783, and the Polish introduced a settlement law in 1791. Bulgaria and Serbia banned nomadism in the 1880s. [27] Some Romanis migrated from Persia through North Africa, [36] reaching Europe via Spain in the 15th century. [37] Romanis began immigrating to the United States in colonial times, with small groups in Virginia and French Louisiana. [38] Larger-scale immigration began in the 1860s, with groups of Romnichal from Britain. [38] The largest number immigrated in the early 20th century, mainly from the Vlax group of Kalderash. Many Romanis also settled in Latin America. [39] Nearly two years later – and after a rigorous process of trial, review and improvement – the books are ready. We hope we’ve created something which teachers can easily shape to suit their needs, but first and foremost, we hope the content will be interesting for the students. The course’s title – de Romanis – goes right to heart of our aims: a Latin course which delivers much more than just the Latin language and which hopes to ignite students with interest in a world so influential upon us and yet so different from our own. Throughout the course we have tried to offer a view of the ancient world that is not simplified, sentimental or blinkered by our own cultural expectations. In de Romanis, students will meet gods who are savage, rulers who are cruel, and women who are brave and outspoken. They will learn to think about the Romans as speakers and writers as well as fighters, and to consider the Roman empire from the perspective of the conquered provincials as well as that of the triumphant generals. They will need to think about the impact of inequalities within society, such as slavery, wealth or access to education, and they will be encouraged to consider the blend of persuasion, wealth and brute force which tends to sit behind raw power. A Guide to Latin Pronunciation, an Introduction to Latin Verse, recordings of passages read in Latin and links to short films in Latin. The Perseus ProjectIn 1758, Maria Theresa of Austria began a program of assimilation to turn Romanis into ujmagyar (new Hungarians). The government built permanent huts to replace mobile tents, forbade travel, and forcefully removed children from their parents to be fostered by non-Romani. [27] By 1894, the majority of Romanis counted in a Hungarian national census were sedentary. In 1830, Romani children in Nordhausen were taken from their families to be fostered by Germans. [27] After that, the assembly of Roman citizens ( conventus civium Romanorum) which was occupying Lissus, a town which Caesar had previously appointed ( attribuerat) to them and for which he provided fortification, received Antony and helped him with all things. Otacilius, fearing for himself, fled the town and went to Pompey. Footnote 36 Italy, Philae, Alexandria and Delos were worlds apart. Italy is at the sea's midpoint. To the east lies Delos, at the centre of the Cyclades. Alexandria perched on the Egyptian coast and the island of Philae sits in the Nile in Upper Egypt, just north of where the Aswan High Dam now stands. Mediterranean connectivity made travel across the varied, difficult topography that separated these places possible for those with the means. Yet connectivity alone was not responsible for the arrival of migrants from Italy to Delos and Egypt and the rise of their wide-ranging networks. The connections adumbrated above depended on disconnections like that of Delians from their homeland and the social, political and cultural worlds of which they were a part. Such disconnections were essential to the mechanics of empire. In 2000, the 5th World Romani Congress issued an official declaration in which it stated that the Romani people are a non-territorial nation. [63] See also [ edit ]