In the United States, as well as South America, the Yiddish language bonded Jews from many countries. Most of the Jewish immigrants to the New York metropolitan area during the years of Ellis Island considered Yiddish their native language. Later, Yiddish was no longer the primary language for the majority of the remaining speakers and often served as a lingua franca for the Jewish immigrants who did not know each other's primary language, particularly following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Yiddish was also the language in which second-generation immigrants often continued to communicate with their relatives who remained in Europe or moved to Israel, with English, Spanish or Portuguese being the primary language of the first and Russian, Romanian, or Hebrew that of the second. [ citation needed] Pre-Columbian North America [ edit ] Classic Maya [ edit ] a b LINGUA FRANCA:CHIMERA OR REALITY? (PDF). Publ. Office of the Europ. Union. 2010. ISBN 9789279189876. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2020 . Retrieved 15 December 2018. J. N. Postgate. Languages of Iraq. British School of Archaeology in Iraq, 2007; ISBN 0-903472-21-X; p. 164

Lingua franca definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary Lingua franca definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary

In the 15th century, during the Malacca Sultanate, Malay was used as a lingua franca in Maritime Southeast Asia, by locals, and traders and artisans that stopped at Malacca via the Straits of Malacca. Malay was also presumably used as a language of trade among the elites and artisans around the islands of modern-day Philippines. Dutch scholar, Francois Valentijn (1666–1727) described the use of Malay in the region as being equivalent to the contemporary use of Latin and French in Europe. [19] Lingua francas are often pre-existing languages with native speakers, but they can also be pidgin or creole languages developed for that specific region or context. Pidgin languages are rapidly developed and simplified combinations of two or more established languages, while creoles are generally viewed as pidgins that have evolved into fully complex languages in the course of adaptation by subsequent generations. [9] Pre-existing lingua francas such as French are used to facilitate intercommunication in large-scale trade or political matters, while pidgins and creoles often arise out of colonial situations and a specific need for communication between colonists and indigenous peoples. [10]Pre-existing lingua francas are generally widespread, highly developed languages with many native speakers. [ citation needed] Conversely, pidgin languages are very simplified means of communication, containing loose structuring, few grammatical rules, and possessing few or no native speakers. Creole languages are more developed than their ancestral pidgins, utilizing more complex structure, grammar, and vocabulary, as well as having substantial communities of native speakers. [11] Even in countries not associated with the English-speaking world, English has emerged as a lingua franca in certain situations where its usage is perceived to be more efficient to communicate, especially among groups consisting of native speakers of a variety of languages. For example, in Qatar, the medical community is primarily made up of workers from countries without English as a native language. In medical practices and hospitals, nurses typically communicate with other professionals in English as a lingua franca. [73] This occurrence has led to interest in researching the consequences and affordances of the medical community communicating in a lingua franca. [73] English is also sometimes used as a lingua franca in Switzerland, particularly when communicating with members consisting of the multiple language communities of the country or when an interlocutor's level in the native language to whom they are communicating with is weaker. [74] Hindustani, or Hindi– Urdu, is commonly spoken in the northern part of India and Pakistan. It encompasses two standardized registers, Hindi and Urdu, as well as several nonstandard dialects. Hindi and Urdu are constitutionally-recognized official languages in India, and Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan. While the two registers differ in formal vocabulary (Hindi drawing from Sanskrit and Urdu drawing from Arabic and Persian) and writing system (Hindi in Devanagari and Urdu in Nastaliq), the spoken language is largely indistinguishable and uses many loan words from English instead of Arabic or Sanskrit. This so-called "bazaar Hindustani" has been popularized through regional consumption of Bollywood films and is widely understood in regions where Hindi and Urdu are not indigenous, such as some parts of Northeast India. [16] At present it is the second most used language in international trade, and the third most used in politics, diplomacy and culture after English and French. [47] Turkish [ edit ]Indonesian, a standardized variety of Malay, serves as a lingua franca throughout Indonesia and East Timor (where it is considered a working language), areas that are home to over 700 indigenous languages. [ citation needed] Lao [ edit ] Wolof is a widely spoken lingua franca of Senegal and The Gambia (especially the capital, Banjul). It is the native language of approximately 5 million Wolof people in Senegal and is spoken as a second language by an equal number. [ citation needed] Asia [ edit ] Akkadian [ edit ] Akkadian language inscription on the obelisk of Manishtushu Malay is currently used primarily in Malaysia (as Malaysian) and Brunei, and to a lesser extent in Singapore, parts of Sumatra and in the deep south of Thailand. One of Singapore's four official languages, the Malay language or 'Bahasa Melayu' was the lingua franca for Singapore prior to the introduction of English as a working and instructional language, and remains so for the elder generation. [ citation needed] Standard Chinese [ edit ] A letter dated 1266 from Kublai Khan of the Mongol Empire to the " King of Japan" (日本國王) was written in Classical Chinese. Now stored in Todai-ji, Nara, Japan.

LINGUA FRANCA History of LINGUA FRANCA

Fanagalo or Fanakalo is a pidgin based on the Zulu, English, and Afrikaans languages. It was used as a lingua franca mainly in the mining industries in South Africa, however, in this role, it is being increasingly eclipsed by English which is viewed as being more neutral politically. [1] Fon [ edit ] Prior to European colonization, the Occaneechi dialect of the Tutelo language served as a lingua franca in the land that would become the state of Virginia. Tutelo was a Siouan language. But Robert Beverley Jr., in the 18th century, observed that the Tuscarora, who spoke an Iroquoian language, and the Powhatan, who spoke an Algonquian language, both used Occaneechi in religious ceremonies, much like modern Christian communities use Latin. [49] Beverley also noted that the Occaneechi language was used by all native nations of Virginia as a trade language. [ citation needed]In the European Union, the use of English as a lingua franca has led researchers to investigate whether a new dialect of English ( Euro English) has emerged. [75] Bokamba, Eyamba G. (2009). "The spread of Lingala as a lingua franca in the Congo Basin". In McLaughlin, Fiona (ed.). The Languages of Urban Africa. London, New York: Continuum. pp.50–70. ISBN 978-1-84706-116-4 . Retrieved 21 July 2011.

Lingua franca - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Due to large numbers of immigrants from Latin America in the second half of the 20th century and resulting influence, Spanish has also emerged somewhat as a lingua franca in parts of the Southwestern United States and southern Florida, especially in communities where native Spanish speakers form the majority of the population. [79] [80] Boyle, John Andrew (1974). "Some Thoughts on the Sources for the Il-Khanid Period of Persian History". Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies. British Institute of Persian Studies. 12: 185–188. doi: 10.2307/4300510. JSTOR 4300510.

In the Diocese of Kamloops, British Columbia, hundreds of speakers also learned to read and write the Jargon using the Duployan shorthand via the publication Kamloops Wawa. As a result, the Jargon also had the beginnings of its own literature, mostly translated scripture and classical works, and some local and episcopal news, community gossip and events, and diaries. Novelist and early Native American activist, Marah Ellis Ryan (1860?–1934) used Chinook words and phrases in her writing. [ citation needed] The Last Lingua Franca: English Until the Return of Babel. Nicholas Ostler. Ch.7. ISBN 978-0802717719 Europeans and their languages – European commission special barometer FEB2006" (PDF) . Retrieved 2010-01-05.

LINGUA FRANCA in English - Cambridge Dictionary How to pronounce LINGUA FRANCA in English - Cambridge Dictionary

World War II and the expulsion of Germans from many European countries between 1945 and 1950 had a disastrous effect on the use of the German language in Central and Eastern Europe, where it was often suppressed and eventually dropped as a lingua franca by the mid-to-late 20th century being replaced by Russian during the Cold War and nowadays by English. [ citation needed] Italian [ edit ] Italština byla lingua franca v italských koloniích v Africe a stále je užívána částí populace v Etiopii a Eritreji, především v obchodě. Ngambay is an important lingua franca of southwestern Chad, covering areas where Chadian Arabic is not as widespread. It is the most important of the Sara languages and may be used by speakers of other varieties. [ citation needed] Sango [ edit ] Sanskrit historically served as a lingua franca throughout the majority of India. [25] [26] [27] [28] Sogdian [ edit ] Creoles, such as Nigerian Pidgin in Nigeria, are used as lingua francas across the world. This is especially true in Africa, the Caribbean, Melanesia, Southeast Asia and in parts of Australia by Indigenous Australians.Russian is in use and widely understood in Central Asia, the Caucasus and the Baltics, areas formerly part of the Soviet Union or bloc, and in much of Central, Southeast and Eastern Europe, formerly part of the Warsaw Pact. It remains the official language of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Russian is also one of the six official languages of the United Nations. [10] Serbo-Croatian [ edit ] John Guy states that Tamil was the lingua franca for early maritime traders from India [33] and Sri Lanka. The language and its dialects were used widely in the state of Kerala as the major language of administration, literature and common usage until the 12th century AD. Tamil was also used widely in inscriptions found in southern Andhra Pradesh districts of Chittoor and Nellore until the 12th century AD. [34] Tamil was used for inscriptions from the 10th through 14th centuries in southern Karnataka districts such as Kolar, Mysore, Mandya and Bangalore. [35] Thai [ edit ] The largely interintelligible Manding languages of West Africa serve as lingua francas in various places. For instance Bambara is the most widely spoken language in Mali, and Jula (almost the same as Bambara) is commonly used in western Burkina Faso and northern Côte d'Ivoire; these two varieties are especially closely related and mutually intelligible, whereas other varieties may present more difficulties. Manding languages have long been used in regional commerce, so much so that the word for trader, jula, was applied to the language currently known by the same name. Other varieties of Manding are used in several other countries, such as Guinea, The Gambia, and Senegal. [ citation needed] Mende [ edit ] Tagalog was declared the official language in 1897 by the first constitution in the Philippines, the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato. [31] Native Tagalog speakers are one of the country's largest linguistic and cultural groups, numbering an estimated 14 million. The Filipino language, which is the standardised register of Tagalog, is taught in schools nationwide and is an official language of education and business along with English. [32] Hindština ( hindí) a jí blízká urdština ( urdú) se běžně používají v Indii a Pákistánu. V současnosti s nimi soupeří i angličtina.