Historically wooden rail ties were made by hewing with an axe, called axe ties, or sawn to achieve at least two flat sides.

Here different Lateral tie configuration for different number of vertical reinforcement bars are explained. The configurations are based on the ACI 315-99 recommendations. Krylov, Victor V. (2001). Noise and Vibration from High-Speed Trains. Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-2963-2.Aside from the environmental benefits of using recycled material, plastic ties usually replace timber ties soaked in creosote, the latter being a toxic chemical, [14] and are theoretically recyclable. [11] However, plastics may shed microplastics and leach other possibly toxic chemicals such as ultraviolet inhibitors. Historically, steel ties have suffered from poor design and increased traffic loads over their normally long service life. These aged and often obsolete designs limited load and speed capacity but can still be found in many locations globally and performing adequately despite decades of service. There are great numbers of steel ties with over 50 years of service and in some cases they can and have been rehabilitated and continue to perform well. Steel ties were also used in specialty situations, such as the Hejaz Railway in the Arabian Peninsula where the dry, hot climate made wood ties unsatisfactory. [9] Traverses béton bi-blocs VDH" (in French). itb-tradetech.com. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 September 2010. Crossties. Paterson, New Jersey: Railway Tie Association. March–April 2010. ISSN 0097-4536. OCLC 1565511. {{ cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= ( help)

When my granddaughter and I went to the racehorse barn, she noticed that the trainer secured the horses differently from us at home. We typically use a single lead rope, while he uses cross ties. On our way home, she wanted to know all about cross ties and if we could set some up for her horse. R20c Long Leads– Perfect to use as either long leads, cross ties or across doorways so retaining horse but allowing human access. I understand that vets, therapists, and farriers should not be expected to put themselves in jeopardy with a horse that might lash out at them. However, a responsible owner should put in the time and effort to ensure the horse is okay with whatever intervention is bothering it beforehand. I don’t expect my farrier to have to deal with an unruly horse. Nevertheless, in my opinion, it’s not okay to hide the issue with cross-ties.

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Final phase of KiwiRail turnaround funded". Railway Gazette . Retrieved 2018-08-01. [ permanent dead link] Rails in the US may be fastened to the tie by a railroad spike; iron/steel baseplates screwed to the tie and secured to the rail by a proprietary fastening system such as a Vossloh or Pandrol which are commonly used in Europe. Cromberge, Peter (1 April 2005). "Polymer rail ties being tested for the mining industry". Mining Weekly . Retrieved 23 September 2010. I don’t cross tie for pelvic injuries or broken legs, I have a few boxes designed for this so they are almost like stalls. Horses face the window so they can look out at the world, munch their haylage, and drink, but they can’t turn round or lie down. They heal much faster, and are much less likely to develop stress induced laminitis this way.