Fatherree JW. Giant Clams in the Reef Aquarium: Biology, Identification, and Care. Liquid Medium Publications; 2019.

Plotting the coherence of light, pH and DO with valvometric data, we observe high levels of coherence at 24, 12, and 6 hours, likely relating to the diurnal pattern and intradiurnal patterns displayed in each of those parameters ( S1 Fig). The arrows in the coherence diagrams indicate pH and DO are in-phase with diurnal valve closures, with higher closure values being seen during times of higher pH and DO (consistent with higher productivity and greater clam feeding). Light, however, is anti-phased, as the clams enter their defensive closed posture at night. Intermittent disruptions in the 24-hour periodicity were observed during the experiment, particularly during one interval in late July. These could be caused by disruptions to the diurnal pattern relating to researcher disturbance leading to prolonged valve closure. Laboratory, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia In this article, I explain the ins and outs of this simple – yet incredibly powerful – two-light portrait setup. From experimenting with different modifiers to playing with light positions and beyond, I’ll explore all the details to help you master this wonderful lighting technique. By the time you’re finished reading, you’ll know how to create clamshell-lit portraits like a pro (no matter your lighting gear!). Flinchem EP, Jay DA. An Introduction to Wavelet Transform Tidal Analysis Methods. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2000;51: 177–200.

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Dean, K. M. & Fiolka, R. Lossless Three-dimensional parallelization in digitally scanned light-sheet fluorescence microscopy. Sci. Rep. 7, 9332 (2017). Quantum ⁢ Yield = Integrated ⁢ photoluminescence ⁢ intensity Integrated ⁢ excitation ⁢ source ⁢ intensity Production and supply-chain update. In: Raspberry Pi [Internet]. 4 Apr 2022 [cited 24 Apr 2022]. Available: https://www.raspberrypi.com/news/production-and-supply-chain-update/

In addition to being more closed between 2 PM and 4 AM, the clams also displayed frequent intermittent rapid valve closure events (“valve-clapping”) during that time, as indicated by sudden peaks in the measured voltage data. These events persisted for seconds or minutes in length and were longer in afternoon and nighttime hours when less or no light was present (< 50 μmol photons/m 2s). In the month of August, closures during the nighttime hours were shorter on average than they were during the daytime, but only Clam 1 showed a statistically significant difference (Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon test: W = 128578, p <0.001), while clam 2 and clam 3 did not reach significance (Clam 2: W = 2031498, p = 0.3; Clam 3: W = 408318, p = 0.089). Between May 3 rd and August 10 th, there were a mean 34 closures per day, but with great variability around that mean (SD = 27) ( Fig 4A). Durier G, Nadalini J-B, Saint-Louis R, Genard B, Comeau LA, Tremblay R. Sensitivity to oil dispersants: Effects on the valve movements of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis and the giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus, in sub-arctic conditions. Aquatic Toxicology. 2021;234: 105797. pmid:33721721 While you only need two lights to create the clamshell pattern, you’re always free to add additional lights to the setup. Badon, A. et al. Video-rate large-scale imaging with Multi-Z confocal microscopy. Optica 6, 389–395 (2019). If you’re familiar with different types of photography lighting, then you’ve probably come across another, very similar lighting setup:

Conflict of Interest

Voleti, V. et al. Real-time volumetric microscopy of in vivo dynamics and large-scale samples with SCAPE 2.0. Nat. Methods 16, 1054–1062 (2019). Keller, P. J., Schmidt, A. D., Wittbrodt, J. & Stelzer, E. H. K. Reconstruction of zebrafish early embryonic development by scanned light sheet microscopy. Science 322, 1065–1069 (2008). Sea Research Centre and Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia Futia, G., Schlup, P., Winters, D. G. & Bartels, R. A. Spatially-chirped modulation imaging of absorption and fluorescent objects on single-element optical detector. Opt. Express 19, 1626–1640 (2011). Ma, Q. et al. Three-dimensional fluorescent microscopy via simultaneous illumination and detection at multiple planes. Sci. Rep. 6, 31445 (2016).

Redmond KJ, Berry M, Pampanin DM, Andersen OK. Valve gape behaviour of mussels (Mytilus edulis) exposed to dispersed crude oil as an environmental monitoring endpoint. Marine pollution bulletin. 2017;117: 330–339. pmid:28190523 Note that both the key light and the second ( fill) light should now both be in front of you, the photographer–and your aim is generally to shoot the model from head-on, with a lens that pokes out from between the two light sources. Of course, you can ask the model to turn their head and strike different poses, but be careful to maintain the same shadow presence that you see from very straight clamshell lighting. Mondal, P. P., Dilipkumar, S. & Mohan, K. Efficient generation of diffraction-limited multi-sheet pattern for biological imaging. Opt. Lett. 40, 609–612 (2015).

Figures

Charifi M, Miserazzi A, Sow M, Perrigault M, Gonzalez P, Ciret P, et al. Noise pollution limits metal bioaccumulation and growth rate in a filter feeder, the Pacific oyster Magallana gigas. PloS one. 2018;13: e0194174. pmid:29617387

If you don’t see catchlights in the subject’s eyes, that means your light is too high. Lower the light stand until you get a bit of reflection in the eyes. We further evaluated the imaging speed of CLAM by imaging flowing fluorescent beads supplied by a microfluidic pump (Harvard, Phd 2000) into a fluidic channel (square glass pipette with an inner side length of 1 mm). In this proof-of-principle demonstration, we configured the CLAM system with a total of N = 24 light sheets within the frequency range of 1.1–1.4 kHz. This system is able to visualize the flowing microspheres (flow rate of ~20 µm/s) at a volumetric rate f vol of up to 13 vol/s (Fig. 3f). We note that the practical volume rate in the current setup can further be enhanced depending on the number of light sheets ( N) required for the experiments. For instance, the volume rate can be increased to ~25 vol/s with our current camera when the imaging FOV along the axial direction is reduced by half (i.e., N = 12). Furthermore, as the volume rate achievable in CLAM is only limited by the camera speed (currently limited at ~1000–3000 fps in our system), we anticipate that the volume rate can readily be scaled beyond 100 vol/s with a state-of-the-art high-speed intensified camera (>10,000 fps) 34. The two lights can be set at even powers. The lower light should never be at a higher power than the taller key light. If it is, the image will have unusual shadows from being lit from below. interior of a modern photo studio 1. Shoot — and Troubleshoot

Funding

Dean, K. M. et al. Imaging subcellular dynamics with fast and light-efficient volumetrically parallelized microscopy. Optica 4, 263–271 (2017). Wu, J.-L. et al. Multi-MHz laser-scanning single-cell fluorescence microscopy by spatiotemporally encoded virtual source array. Biomed. Opt. Express 8, 4160–4171 (2017). Giant clams (Tridacninae) are a subfamily of tropical coral reef-dwelling bivalves that reach unusual size through a partnership with symbiotic algae. Their dual reliance on autotrophy and heterotrophy and indeterminate growth makes them long-living indicators of coral reef health. Researchers have long understood their potential as reef biomonitors, through the geochemical signals encoded in their shells [ 1], their absorption of microplastics and other contaminants [ 2], and in recent years, through valvometric analysis of their behavior [ 3, 4]. Valvometry is the study of bivalve shell opening and closing through proximity sensors such as electrodes [ 5], Hall effect magnetic sensors [ 6], machine-learning analysis of video [ 7], and accelerometers [ 8]. The technique has been applied to a growing assemblage of bivalve taxa to quantify and monitor their behavior through a high-frequency, non-invasive approach [ 9]. Bivalve shell movement can measure the presence of environmental contamination [ 10– 13], predator avoidance [ 14], storm events [ 15], underwater noise [ 8], and other behavioral and environmental factors.