It may well have been naïve to think of this as a solution, but it certainly gave the cause additional energy and seriousness of purpose. James III and VIII (16 September 1701 – 1 January 1766), James Francis Edward Stuart, also known as the Chevalier de St. In 1689, around 2% of clergy in the Church of England refused to take the oath of allegiance to William and Mary; one list identifies a total of 584 clergy, schoolmasters and university dons as Non Jurors. The dates don’t apparently fit: Bernaert worked (and died) in Brugge, but only after Charles had left. Charles's reign was dominated by the expansionist policies of Louis XIV of France, seen as a threat to Protestant Europe.

With the defeat at the Battle of Culloden in 1746, Jacobitism was dealt a death blow and the Jacobite succession lost its significance as a dynastic alternative to the Hanoverians. The Parliament of England first barred Roman Catholics and James's descendants from inheriting the throne through the Bill of Rights 1689.New forts were built, the military road network finally completed and William Roy made the first comprehensive survey of the Highlands. The Duke earned his reputation as a ‘butcher’ in those desolate fields east of Inverness, reportedly gathering up piles of dying Jacobite troops only to fire cannon into them. A Convention of the Scottish Estates took a different approach, and declared that James, by his wrongdoing, had forfeited the crown. James II and VII's other grandson, Henry Benedict Stuart, the last of his legitimate descendants, died in 1807, by which time the Jacobite succession ceased to have supporters in any number. However, Cromwell had roundly defeated his supporters there (with consequences which of course still resonate today), so complicated negotiations began again with Scotland.

His Scottish deposition was not linked to his flight on 11 December 1688, but to his misdemeanours generally. In June 1747, his brother Henry became a Catholic priest; given that Charles had no legitimate heir, this was seen as tacit acceptance by their father James that the Jacobite cause was finished. When Charles died in 1788, Irish nationalists looked for alternative liberators, among them the French First Republic, Napoleon Bonaparte and Daniel O'Connell. Charles arrived in Scotland in June 1650, but was thwarted at every stage by the demands of the kirk faction, who required inter alia that he should declare ‘the shame he felt at the faults of his father and the idolatry of his mother’ – though he finally signed the declaration on 16 August. The Guild of St Sebastian was unsurprisingly that of the archers, and St Barbara (with the sword of her martyrdom) protected the armourers, while St George looked after the crossbowmen: all suitably martial.Later historians have characterised Jacobitism in a variety of ways, including as a revolutionary extension of anti-court ideology; an aristocratic reaction against a growth in executive power; feudal opposition to the growth of capitalism; or as a product of nationalist feeling in Scotland and Ireland. However, the supremacy of the Church of England was also central to Tory ideology, and James lost their support when his policies seemed to threaten that primacy. The Act of Settlement 1701, passed shortly before Anne's accession, fixed the line of succession in law with the aim of permanently excluding James's descendants, and Roman Catholics in general, from the throne. Relatively few of the surviving songs, however, actually date from the time of the risings; one of the best known is the Irish song " Mo Ghile Mear", which although a more recent composition is based on the contemporary lyric "Buan ar Buairt Gach Ló" by Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill. Desmond Seward, a popular historian of the Plantagenets and the Tudors, has attempted to tell this story in a complete and accessible form.