Szymanowska, U.; Baraniak, B. Antioxidant and potentially anti-inflammatory activity of anthocyanin fractions from pomace obtained from enzymatically treated raspberries. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 299. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Gomes, J.V.P.; Rigolon, T.C.B.R.; Souza, M.S.S.; Alvarez-Leite, J.I.; Lucia, C.M.D.; Martino, H.S.D.; Rosa, C.O.B. Antiobesity effects of anthocyanins on mitochondrial biogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress: A systematic review. Nutrition 2019, 66, 192–202. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Orange rinds can be steeped in white vinegar to make a brilliant household cleaning spray that won’t leave your house smelling like a chip shop and even banana skins can have life beyond setting up comedy falls on pavements. They are a natural way to repel aphids, so try chopping them up and adding them to the soil around your vulnerable plants, or try using them to wipe the leaves of houseplants to clean off any dust. You can also try making an infusion from banana skins by steeping them in hot water; I have to admit that it’s not my cup of tea, but I have friends who can’t get enough of the stuff. Remove the core from your apple using an apple corer. If possible, do this cautiously so that the base of the apple remains intact. Alternatively, carefully use a knife to remove the core. If there is any apple flesh attached to the removed core, retain and dice this into the filling. Save the core for making apple cider vinegar or compost it. Though the forbidden fruit of Eden in the Book of Genesis is not identified, popular Christian tradition has held that it was an apple that Eve coaxed Adam to share with her. [42] The origin of the popular identification with a fruit unknown in the Middle East in biblical times is found in wordplay with the Latin words mālum (an apple) and mălum (an evil), each of which is normally written malum. [43] The tree of the forbidden fruit is called "the tree of the knowledge of good and evil" in Genesis 2:17, [44] and the Latin for "good and evil" is bonum et malum. [45]

Geană, E.I.; Ciucure, C.T.; Ionete, R.E.; Ciocârlan, A.; Aricu, A.; Ficai, A.; Andronescu, E. Profiling of phenolic compounds and triterpene acids of twelve apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars. Foods 2021, 10, 267. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] This country saying must have driven many scrumpers scrambling up trees in orchards in search of the ultimate illicit fruit. Apples were for centuries the fruit that most people would have had most often. From acerbic and sharp cooking apples to rosy red ones that crunch and release floods juice there was an apple for every palate. The number of apple varieties proliferated as farmers and hobbyists cross-bred them in pursuit of the ultimate apple. Britain is home to 2,500 cultivars out of around 7,000 developed world wide. Serra, A.T.; Rocha, J.; Sepodesc, B.; Matiasa, A.A.; Feliciano, R.P.; de Carvalho, A.; Bronze, M.R.; Duarte, C.M.; Figueira, M.E. Evaluation of cardiovascular protective effect of different apple varieties—Correlation of response with composition. Food Chem. 2012, 135, 2378–2383. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version] Bitalebi, S.; Nikoo, M.; Rahmanifarah, K.; Noori, F.; Gavlighi, H.A. Effect of apple peel extract as natural antioxidant on lipid and protein oxidation of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) mince. Int. Aquat. Res. 2019, 11, 135–146. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]The fruit is a pome that matures in late summer or autumn, and cultivars exist in a wide range of sizes. Commercial growers aim to produce an apple that is 7 to 8.5cm ( 2 + 3⁄ 4 to 3 + 1⁄ 4in) in diameter, due to market preference. Some consumers, especially in Japan, prefer a larger apple, while apples less than 5.5cm ( 2 + 1⁄ 4in) are generally used for juicing and have little fresh market value. An apple is a round, edible fruit produced by an apple tree ( Malus domestica). Apple trees are cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus Malus. The tree originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancestor, Malus sieversii, is still found. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe and were introduced to North America by European colonists. Apples have religious and mythological significance in many cultures, including Norse, Greek, and European Christian tradition. Country lore has always shown a close concern with the timings and bounty of a harvest, and apples were no exception. If you can tear yourself away from Christmas present unwrapping and visit your orchard you may see the sun peeping through the branches of your apple trees – to do so betokens a bumper year to come. Why do people hurl themselves down a hill in pursuit of a wheel of cheese? Why are hot cross buns hung from the rafters of a pub? Why do farmers shoot their shotguns through the branches of apple trees? The questions may be peculiar, but the answers are all peculiarly British. These valued residuals are dried and chopped into powder with 24 hours before any oxidation takes place. After this procedure, a highly technical process allows us to obtain cellulose to create apple paper and eco-leather (PU). A process guided by strict quality controls that guarantee the minimum environmental impact.

Thurn, A.; Burchard, W.; Niki, R. Structure of casein micelles I. Small angle neutron scattering and light scattering from β-and χ-casein. Colloid Polym. Sci 1987, 265, 653–666. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]Chai, Y.; Li, A.; Wai, S.C.; Song, C.; Zhao, Y.; Duan, Y.; Zhang, B.; Lin, Q. Cuticular wax composition changes of 10 apple cultivars during postharvest storage. Food Chem. 2020, 324, 126903. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Slatnar, A.; Kwiecinska, I.; Licznar Malanczuk, M.; Veberic, R. The effect of green cover within rows on the qualitative and quantitative fruit parameters of full cropping apple trees. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 2020, 61, 41–49. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]

Ellen has kindly let me share an excerpt from this book, on how to use up every last bit of apples and pears to help reduce your food waste. Vreeman, H.J.; Brinkhuis, J.A.; Van der Spek, C.A. Some association properties of bovine SH-k-casein. Biophys. Chem. 1981, 14, 185–193. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] After around a month, strain out and compost the apple or pear pieces. Cover the jar and leave for another month, after which time it should taste more vinegar-like and is ready to bottle and use. Store this in the fridge for up to a year. It may need to be “burped” every now and then to release any air so keep an eye out for bubbles. If you want to speed up this process, add a “mother” from a shop-bought raw, unfiltered, and unpasteurized cider/perry vinegar, or from a batch made previously. How To Use Up Whole Apples Apples are diploid (though triploid cultivars are not uncommon), have 17 chromosomes and an estimated genome size of approximately 650 Mb. Several whole genome sequences have been completed and made available. The first one in 2010 was based on the diploid cultivar ' Golden Delicious'. [17] However, this first whole genome sequence turned out to contain several errors [18] in part owing to the high degree of heterozygosity in diploid apples which, in combination with an ancient genome duplication, complicated the assembly. Recently, double- and trihaploid individuals have been sequenced, yielding whole genome sequences of higher quality. [19] [20]Holt, C.; Sawyer, L. Caseins as rheomorphic proteins: Interpretation of primary and secondary structures of the αS1-, β-and κ-caseins. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1993, 89, 2683–2692. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] Publishers Weekly said of the book, "The occasionally contrived letters jump from incident to incident—including the formation of the Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society while Guernsey was under German occupation—and person to person in a manner that feels disjointed. But Juliet's quips are so clever, the Guernsey inhabitants so enchanting and the small acts of heroism so vivid and moving that one forgives the authors (Shaffer died earlier this year) for not being able to settle on a single person or plot." [9]

Makin, O.S.; Serpell, L.C. Examining the structure of the mature amyloid fibril. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2002, 30, 521–525. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed] Apple and pear peels can be used to infuse spirits. You can experiment with combinations like apple and rhubarb gin or pear vodka. What About Apple Cores? Hingant, E.; Fontes, P.; Alvarez-Martinez, M.T.; Arnaud, J.D.; Liautard, J.P.; Pujo-Menjouet, L. A micellar on-pathway intermediate step explains the kinetics of prion amyloid formation. PLoS Comput. Biol. 2014, 10, e1003735. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version] Did you know that, as well as their sweet flesh, apple and pear peels, and even their cores, can be used to create sauces, dressings, and confectionery in your kitchen? Read on to learn more! How To Make Apples and Pears Last Important volatile compounds in apples include acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, 1-butanal, ethanol, 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, ethyl propionate, ethyl 2-methylpropionate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, hexanal, 1-butanol, 3-methylbutyl acetate, 2-methylbutyl acetate, 1-propyl butyrate, ethyl pentanoate, amyl acetate, 2-methyl-1-butanol, trans-2-hexenal, ethyl hexanoate, hexanol. [15] [16] GenomeVine, Sarah. " The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society by Mary Ann Shaffer – A perfectly cooked delight: a charming epistolary novel about the wartime German occupation of Guernsey", August 8, 2008. Prince, P.D.; Lanzi, C.R.; Toblli, J.E.; Elesgaray, R.; Oteiza, P.I.; Fraga, C.G.; Galleano, M. Dietary (–)-epicatechin mitigates oxidative stress, NO metabolism alterations, and inflammation in renal córtex from fructose-fed rats. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2016, 90, 35–46. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef][ Green Version]