pongo, n.1". OED Online. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021 . Retrieved 4 October 2018. Neme, Laurel (11 October 2014). "Endangered Orangutans Gain From Eco-Friendly Shifts in Palm Oil Market". National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020 . Retrieved 1 July 2020.

Scott, A. M.; Knott, C. D.; Susanto, T. W. (2019). "Are Male Orangutans a Threat to Infants? Evidence of Mother–Offspring Counterstrategies to Infanticide in Bornean Orangutans ( Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii)". International Journal of Primatology. 44 (3): 435–55. doi: 10.1007/s10764-019-00097-8. hdl: 2144/39274. S2CID 198190605. She can't understand why it's so angry about her shampoo and chocolate - but then it explains that the palm oil used to make them is leading to deforestation... and destroying his home. Bornean and Sumatran orangutans differ a little in appearance and behavior. While both have shaggy reddish fur, Sumatran orangutans have longer facial hair. Sumatran orangutans are reported to have closer social bonds than their Bornean cousins. Bornean orangutans are more likely to descend from the trees to move around on the ground.Both species have experienced sharp population declines. A century ago there were probably more than 230,000 orangutans in total, but the Bornean orangutan is now estimated at about104,700based on updated geographic range (Endangered) and the Sumatran about 7,500 (Critically Endangered). Rodman, P. S. (1988). "Diversity and consistency in ecology and behavior". In Schwartz, J. H. (ed.). Orang-utan biology. Oxford University Press. pp.31–51. ISBN 978-0195043716. Russon, AE; Handayani, DP; Kuncoro, P; Ferisa, A. (2007). "Orangutan leaf-carrying for nest-building: toward unraveling cultural processes". Animal Cognition. 10 (2): 189–202. doi: 10.1007/s10071-006-0058-z. PMID 17160669. S2CID 6875716.

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Schwartz, Jeffrey (1987). The Red Ape: Orangutans and Human Origins. Westview Press. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-8133-4064-7. Lameira, A. R.; etal. (2021). "Orangutan information broadcast via consonant-like and vowel-like calls breaches mathematical models of linguistic evolution". Biology Letters. 17 (9). doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0302. PMC 8478518. PMID 34582737.

de Waal, Frans (January 1995). "The Loneliest of Apes". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 May 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2012. McDowell, Robin (18 January 2009). "Palm oil frenzy threatens to wipe out orangutans". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 January 2009 . Retrieved 18 January 2009. The three orangutan species are the only extant members of the subfamily Ponginae. This subfamily also includes extinct apes such as Lufengpithecus, which occurred 8–2 mya in southern China and Thailand. [18] :50 Indopithecus, which lived in India from 9.2 to 8.6 mya; and Sivapithecus, which lived in India and Pakistan from 12.5mya until 8.5mya. [27] These animals likely lived in drier and cooler environments than orangutans do today. Khoratpithecus piriyai, which lived 5–7mya in Thailand, is believed to be the closest known relative of the living orangutans and inhabited similar environments. [18] :50 The largest known primate, Gigantopithecus, was also a member of Ponginae and lived in China, from 2mya to 300,000years ago. [28] [18] :50Rijksen, H. D. (December 1978). "A field study on Sumatran orang utans ( Pongo pygmaeus abelii, Lesson 1827): Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 53 (4): 493–94. doi: 10.1086/410942. JSTOR 2826733. a b Teboekhorst, I.; Schürmann, C.; Sugardjito, J. (1990). "Residential status and seasonal movements of wild orang-utans in the Gunung Leuser Reserve (Sumatera, Indonesia)". Animal Behaviour. 39 (6): 1098–1109. doi: 10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80782-1. S2CID 54322235. Dufour, V.; Pelé, M.; Neumann, M.; Thierry, B.; Call, J. (2008). "Calculated reciprocity after all: computation behind token transfers in orang-utans". Biology Letters. 5 (2): 172–75. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0644. PMC 2665816. PMID 19126529.